case - 5175 Words

Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics Coffee Wars - The Big Three: Starbucks, McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts Michael G. Brizek South Carolina State University ABSTRACT Coffee – for some, a morning cannot begin without it. Many daily rituals include it. It can be seductive, enticing, and addictive. Hard-core coffee drinkers pride themselves on their coffee palettes, their refined ability to distinguish â€Å"good† coffee from â€Å"bad.† And once a diehard coffee drinker finds his favorite blend, mountains sometimes must be moved to entice him to deviate from it. But, for decades, the idea of â€Å"good† coffee was synonymous with â€Å"expensive.† If a consumer wanted to try the best blends or flavors, he had to be prepared to pay for†¦show more content†¦Starbucks has continued to grow over the years, launching its VIAâ„ ¢ Ready Brew coffee in 2009 (Starbucks Timeline, 2010). Today, Starbucks has more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, and is known as the world’s premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee (Starbucks Heritage, 2010). Mission Statement As stated on Starbucks’ company website: â€Å"Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2010). The company lives by certain principles every day to ensure achievement of this mission. These principles include creation of quality coffee using the finest coffee beans, embracing diversity in its employees (called partners), building a human connection with its customers, creating a sense of belonging through its stores (havens), being a part of a neighborhood through development of a sense of community, and delivering rewards to all its stakeholders. Because Starbucks understands the importance of social responsibility, and is tremendously dedicated to the â€Å"green movement,† it has a separate environmental mission statement. â€Å"Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2010). Coffee wars, Page 2 Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics Starbucks fulfills this mission by understanding environmental issues, usingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Case And Moral Case Justification For Diversity Management1748 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantage and organisational profit. When looking at diversity in the workforce, the business case and the moral case justification are often necessary. The following paragraphs will talk more about the business case and moral case, and the linkages between them, as well as the theories and conceptual frameworks for the business and moral cases justification for diversity management in organisations. The business case for diversity is often expressed in terms of managing diversity (Urwin et al. 2013). ItRead MoreDescription Of A Model Case1281 Words   |  6 Pages5. Cases: Model, Related, Contrary, Borderline Invented Model Case A model is a simple representation of something else. Avant and Walker 2011, define a model case as an occurrence that defines the case or idea exactly. In many instances, a model is something that the person can relate to and should come first in the study (Avant Walker, 2011). Example of a model case: â€Å"Jason† is a 31-year-old white male that has worked on the surgical oncology floor for 5 years. He has a wife and a two-year-oldRead MoreCases1747 Words   |  7 PagesState of Karnataka Respondent Appearing on behalf of Respondent INDEX SR.NO | PARTICULARS | PAGE NO. | 1. | List of Abbreviations | | 2 | Authority Cited | | 3 | Statement Of Jurisdiction | | 4 | Fact Of Case | | 5 | Issue Of The Case | | 6 | Body Of Pleading | | 7 | Prayer Clause | | LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. Indian Evidence Act 1872 2. Indian penal code 1860 3. Criminal Procedure code 1973 4. Criminal law 1967 AUTHORITY CITED 1. Chirra ShivarajRead MoreCase Study : Case Analysis : Case Study2888 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: CASE ANALYSIS 1 CASE ANALYSIS 9 Case Analysis (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) Introduction The case is about Modrow Company, the subsidiary of Tri-American Corporation based in Canada. The branch has 1000 employees whose primary function is fabricating aluminum. The advantages of Modrow are its locationRead MoreCase Study : Owner Of The Hotel Kallessi Mctavish1788 Words   |  8 PagesMcTavish is a case when given authorities have also certain restrictions which should be followed to avoid unpredictable or unnecessary problems. In hospitality business is a phenomenon, that miscommunication and lack or wrong information can occur very often. Communication is a key for success in hospitality and this can be provided by both sides, employers either employees. According to the authorities and restrictions there are two cases, where similar problems occurred. These cases will be usedRead MoreHolding Fast Case Study1444 Words   |  6 PagesHolding Fast HBR Business Case Assignment 1. This case starts out in a lab that is located in a building that is operated by Crescordia. Crescordia is a company that makes a range of products such as artificial hips and scalps but also is one of the few companies that sell fixation devices. At the beginning of the case Crescordia holds a seminar for orthopedic surgeons so they can better familiarize themselves with the products and procedures that are needed when dealing with using these fixationRead MoreCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about and feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreCranberry Case724 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT FORM COURSE: Operation Management INSTRUCTOR: Professor Wang Xiayang HOMEWORK: Case Writing –National Cranberry Cooperative NAME: JESSIE ZHOU/KOBE LIU STUDENT ID NO.: 08210359/ CLASS: 09PA STUDENT DECLARATION I declare that this assignment is my own work, which all sources of reference are acknowledged in full and it has not been submitted for any other course. Signature: Date: 10/10/30 NATIONAL CRANBERRY COOPERATIVE Read MoreSynthes Case727 Words   |  3 PagesSynthes Case Study Team S Santiago Sanchez Villalba Bharat Pawar Morris Li Jose Llanos Tiia Paananen What are the different threats to the sustainability of Synthes` competitive advantage? Synthes has several threats to consider in the near and upcoming future. The first threat we can talk about is with regards to imitation. Imitation is a big deal in the internal fixation device industry. Synthes has become the leader in this market due to several competitive advantages, for exampleRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. How would you characterize Lincoln Electric’s strategy? In this context, what is the nature of Lincoln’s business and upon what bases does this company compete? 2. What are the most important elements of Lincoln’s overall approach to organization and control that help explain why this company is so successful? How well do Lincoln’s organization and control mechanisms

The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in...

The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in Developing Countries  · Describe the nature of supplying drugs to emerging markets at an affordable price without undermining their profits  · Research and analyse in depth the effectiveness of one proposed policy response to this issue. Introduction 1 2001 saw a flurry of events, as highlighted in the excepts of the case study, which caused an awareness by the international community of the inequality between rich and poor nations in the care and treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS. 2 Epitomized by the lawsuit against the South African government, the drug companies want desperately to be seen helping fight the global AIDS crisisÂ… but the companies also remain unwavering in†¦show more content†¦By setting at this price, it could largely meet the demands for the patients in high-income countries, but it also meant that the demand of the low-income countries would not be met since they were unable to afford the price. (This is also due to the relatively higher elasticity of demand in low-income countries.) Sold in the market at a uniform price, the total revenue (price x quantity) for the drug companies is thus maximized. The surplus of revenue over marginal manufacturing costs would fund the sunk costs (of RD and factory building) and any profits. Rationale for Lower Prices Ââ€" Price Discrimination 9 However, with mounting pressures from the public to provide greater access to the drugs especially to the lower-income countries, as well as to counter the increased competition from generic drugs, the drug companies have adopted a different pricing policy. Economic theory also emphasizes that firms in monopoly (or oligopoly) position can rationally practice price discrimination. This means that the drug companies can offer different prices for the same product according to the characteristics of each segment of the demand on markets. 10 It would be the firm s rational behaviour to offer the highest prices for customers with the lowest price elasticity of demand (and the highest willingness-to-pay), in this case, to maintain the high price for high-income countries. On the other hand, the firm can alsoShow MoreRelatedPatents And Its Impact On The World1254 Words   |  6 Pagesapplicable to industry. Patents were initiated for many reasons including providing property rights for accomplishments of people along with preventing market failure to occur through free riding. While patents provide many benefits to the world, many side effects or disadvantages have resulted from these ownerships of rights which have led to many temporary monopolies. One large impact which patents have had on the world is the impact on access to medication through pharmaceutical companies. TheRead MoreEssay On Patent Systems1057 Words   |  5 PagesPatent or not to patent? Access to essential medicine in developing countries There has been a long-standing debate around the private right of owning an idea and monetising it versus the public good achievable through that idea. This is particularly relevant when the idea or innovation is one for a product or technology that can save lives or combat diseases. In this case, argument arise for a moral obligation to share such ideas which must be balanced against the right to commercialise these ideasRead MoreThe Glbal Phamaceutical Industry1609 Words   |  7 Pages : 19852274 Assignment Title : The Global Pharmaceutical Industry. Date : 10 March 2012 Programme : BTECH-MANAGEMENT IV Question 1 Identify the main environmental forces currently affecting the global pharmaceutical industry? PESTEL analysis of the global pharmaceutical industry: Political * Governments set stringent regulation and is a powerful purchaser. * Governments around the world focus on pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their efforts to controlRead More Pharmaceutical Companies Stand in the Way of Treatment Essay3558 Words   |  15 PagesPharmaceutical Companies Stand in the Way of Treatment Abstract This casebook concentrates on the negative effects that the pharmaceutical industry’s trade and production policies have on third world nations suffering from disease epidemics. My position is that pharmaceutical companies are not concerned with the health benefits of their drugs, but rather with the market that their drugs generate. I illustrate this notion by describing the trade policies that pharmaceutical companies influenceRead MorePharmaceutical Rights and Marketing1175 Words   |  5 Pagescost of the medication. Many pharmaceutical companies have begun to find gaps within the government patent system. As rivalry has started to grow, many of these pharmaceutical companies are beginning to use product patents to create a monopoly. The ending result is to change the patent law and increase restrictions in order to provide fairness and reasonable prices. Although, we have made significant strides in research and development for HIV medication, pharmaceutical companies have yet to findRead MoreEssay On Essential Medicine933 Words   |  4 Pageslack of medicine in third world countries abroad and fight medical patenting that is making medical prices to skyrocket, thus causing inaccessibility of drugs for patients. Experts, like the AMA (American Medical Association) and the FDA (Food and Drug Association), and activists like WHO (World Health Organization) and the AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges) join UAEM in this effort to fight monopolizing drug cartels and this global socio-medical crisis. AMA, FDA, WHO, and AAMC have madeRead MorePharmaceutical Companies2392 Words   |  10 PagesThere is a lot of discussion about pharmaceutical companies, intellectual property, and the global AIDS epidemic. Do pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or low cost in developing countries? Why is intellectual property such a big deal? What impact would South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drugs in the country have on the international distribution of drugs? Was the change that provided patent protection for pharmaceutical companies an appropriate changeRead MorePHARMACEUTICAL PATENTING IN INDIA:PROBLEM OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO HEALTH5190 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTING IN INDIA:PROBLEM OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO HEALTH TABLE OF CASES 1) Novartis AG v. Union of India, (2007) 4 MLJ 1153 2) Bayer Corporation Others v. Cipla, UOI others, 2009(41) PTC 643 (Del). INTRODUCTION A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine, is a chemical substance used in the medication or in the preparation of medication for treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis of  disease. The definition of the term drug includes articles intended for useRead MoreThe Concept of Product Patent for Pharmaceutical Products Is Likely to Make Life Saving Medicine Beyond the Reach of the Poor and Deprived Section of the Society Around the World. a Number of African Countries Have Been3046 Words   |  13 PagesMANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT QUESTION: The concept of product patent for pharmaceutical products is likely to make life saving medicine beyond the reach of the poor and deprived section of the society around the world. A number of African countries have been the worst hit by the spective of AIDS. CIPLA an Indian Pharmaceutical Company has offered to market ant aids medicine at one length the cost at which it is sold by global pharmaceutical firm. However due to the product patent, law, substantial controversyRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Food Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesof the food crisis (Ingham, 29914). As the nation’s president, it is my responsibility to make decisions that will best serve today’s population, and provocate success for the generations to come. Equally weighing both of these responsibilities led to my decision to refuse the US donations in the form of genetically modified crops. I realize the severity of the situation which plagues my people, but I cannot leave the extended welfare of my country to chance. My decision to refuse aid in the form

The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text Free Essays

I read approximately 350-400 pages in the text A History of Western Society, 8th Ed.   Ã‚  I didn’t read in a continuous style instead flipping through the book stopping at something interesting reading then reading several pages of that chapter, moving on to others gaining knowledge of several chapters of the book rather than focusing on one. It is a historical text on western civilization from Mesopotamia to the present, with focus on social history with chapters on Greece, Rome, religious wars, political revolutions, evolutions in energy and industry, expansion, urbanism, nationalism, dictatorship and the Second World War, even the Cold War. We will write a custom essay sample on The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text or any similar topic only for you Order Now    I thought of it as a sociological perspective on history. The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text.   I liked that the theme of politics and culture were balanced giving the reader a chance to see it from a broader perspective.   It balanced the socio-economical structures during different periods in time that was very intriguing. The way the book was presented the reader with tools to help with self-educating and useful study guides for students to truly understand what it must have been like in the past, socially.   I felt the questions were really helpful in stimulating my own critical thinking.   Features all through the text gave interesting accounts of everything from groups to major historical events that put the reader right into history. I felt that the pictures were chosen well to present the material written.   I like that everything from resent news, art and European countries were given a fair introduction to western history.   I felt the authors were able to give a broader perspective to foreign countries that were much unbiased.   Islamic regions were also introduced to the reader in very stimulating terms. And I am glad to see that the expansion of history to include women and gender issues that has occurred in western society.   The section on witch hunts and the Athenian women balanced the book nicely. I really enjoyed flipping through and reading the text and felt that it would be a very good tool to use for undergraduate study as an introductory class.   It gives the student a really good start on terms and concepts of sociology and history.   I felt that this would also be a good book for the use in Art History. The color photos clearly show the artistic beauty of many cultures and society.   The three authors John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, and Buckler are well respected and each is very proficient in history; which gave the book a solid scholarly mark for it to be a must reading. The book should be on any good historian’s book shelf.   The use of Blackboard I really liked because of the apparent growing use of that learning tool.   This text was full of teaching tools to use with that program that will help the first year student to become acquainted with something they will increasing begin to use on their trek towards their college degrees. Reference: McKay, J.P., Hill, B.D., Buckler, J. (2006) A History of Western Society, 8th. Ed.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boston: Houghton Mifflin.    How to cite The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text, Essays

The Bundren Family Essay Example For Students

The Bundren Family Essay Addie Bundren As the matriarch of the Bundren family, Addie is the absent protagonist of the novel. A former schoolteacher, she married Anse Bundren after a brief courtship and bore him four children: Cash, Darl, Dewey Dell and Vardaman. As the result of an affair with Whitfield, Addie is also mother to an illegitimate child, Jewel. At the outset of the novel, Addie is gravely ill, and dies soon thereafter. Her dying wish to be buried with her relatives in Jefferson, the capital of Yoknapatawpha County, provides the impetus for the novels action. Anse Bundren Anse, the patriarch of the Bundren family, is a poor farmer who feels duty-bound to honor his late wifes burial request. But his unhalting ambition to deliver Addie to rest in Jefferson at any cost and despite all hardships serves to cast doubt on both his intelligence and his motives. Upon finally arriving in Jefferson, Anse quickly makes good on his promise to Addie, and then proceeds to acquire a new set of false teeth and a second bride. Cash Bundren The eldest of the Bundren children, Cash is an aspiring carpenter who occupies himself with the construction of his mothers coffin during her dying days. After previously enduring a broken leg when he fell from the roof of a church, he re-injures the same leg in the journey to bury Addie while attempting to cross a river with a wagon in the face of flood conditions. For the rest of the novel Cash is incapacitated, and as the result of a shoddy attempt to set his injured leg in cement, he is hobbled for life. Darl Bundren The next eldest of the Bundren children, Darl delivers the largest number of interior monologues in the novel. An extremely sensitive and articulate young man, he is grief stricken by the death of his mother and the plight of his familys burial journey. After he sets fire to the Gillespie barn in an attempt to incinerate his mothers corpse, his family commits him against his will to a mental institution in Jackson. Jewel The bastard child borne of Addies affair with Whitfield, Jewel lives with the Bundren family as though he were completely of it. However, his unique antecedents inspire within him a fiercely independent turn of mind. As an adolescent, he secretly earned enough money to purchase his own horse, and his self-sufficiency leads to frequent clashes with Anse. A large young man, younger than Darl but older than Dewey Dell, he is as physically active as he is imposing, hauling Addie across the flooding river and rescuing her from the burning barn. Dewey Dell Bundren Dewey Dell, the only Bundren daughter, is a seventeen year-old with a libidinous streak. She becomes pregnant after an affair with Lafe, and seeks an abortion in Jefferson. Vardaman Bundren Vardaman is the youngest of the Bundren children. The fish he catches on the day of his mothers death comes to stand as a symbol of her life and her passing. Vernon Tull Vernon tull is a wealthier farmer who lives near the Bundrens. He visits the Bundrens frequently during Addies last days, and assists them in their river crossing during the funeral journey. Cora Tull Cora, Vernon Tulls wife, is a reverentially pious woman who, along with her daughters Kate and Eula, helps Dewey Dell to care for Addie in her final hours. Whitfield Whitfield is a local minister who carries out an illicit affair with Addie Bundren, resulting in the birth of Jewel. Peabody Peabody is an overweight rural doctor who attends to Addie and later to Cash. Samson Samson is a local farmer who puts up the Bundrens on the first evening of their funeral journey. Armstid Armstid is a local farmer who puts up the Bundrens on the second and third evenings of their funeral journey. Moseley Moseley is a druggist in Mottson who refuses to help Dewey Dell in her search for abortion medicine. MacGowan MacGowan is an employee at a drug store in Jefferson who poses as a doctor in an attempt to seduce Dewey Dell when she inquires after abortion medicine. Part 1SummaryDarl describes his approach with Jewel from the field toward the main house. They pass a dilapidated cotton house and then reach the foot of a bluff, where Tulls wagon sits holding two chairs. At the top of the bluff, Cash is working on a coffin for Addie, dutifully chopping and sawing. Darl leaves him there and enters the house proper. Inside, Cora is thinking about some cakes she recently made to order, only to see the order cancelled after she had baked the cakes. Kate rails at the injustice of this twist, while Cora is more inclined to take it in stride. Addie lies nearby, frail and silent, hardly breathing, as Eula watches over her. Outside, the sound of Cashs chopping and sawing continues. Cora recalls Addies talent for baking cakes. Addie appears to be asleep, or else watching Cash hard at work out the window. Darl passes through the hall without a word and heads for the back of the house. Darl encounters Anse and Tull on the back porch. Anse asks after Jewel. Darl takes a deep drink of water, and recalls other drinks of water he has taken. Then Darl explains that Jewel is at the barn, attending to the horses. Jewel struggles violently with one horse in the mounting, the riding and the dismounting, and feeds him quickly before taking his leave. Jewel thinks with bitterness and resentment about Cashs insistence on constructing Addies coffin right outside of the window where she lays dying. He is angry at Cashs pride in his craftsmanship, and at the other members of the family for their complicity in allowing such a situation to occur. He expresses a wish to be alone with his mother in her final days. Darl is prepared to accept a job for Vernon, but then hesitates. Rain seems to be in the offing, and there is concern about Addie expiring before he and Jewel would be able to return with the team of horses. Tull reassures them, and Jewel lashes out at Tull for his intrusiveness. Jewel then proceeds to voice his anger toward Cash and the rest of the family for their seeming eagerness to hurry Addie to her end. Anse responds by defending the familys fortitude in following Addies last wishes. Finally, Darl decides to take the job on the condition that he and Jewel will return by the next day at sundown. As Darl passes back through the hall to leave, he hears voices floating all around him. Cora observes Darl re-entering the house, and is touched by the emotion with which he bids Addie farewell. She contrasts Darls sweetness with what she feels to be the callousness of Anse and Jewel. As Darl stands in the doorway, prepared to depart, Dewey Dell asks him what he wants. He ignores her, and instead stares at his mother, his heart too full for words. CommentaryForm the very beginning, Faulkner balances the intensity of his character monologues and the expansiveness of visual descriptions with admirable control. Each voice is uniquely subjective, but each voice makes observations about objective details which help to give fullness to the scene and to maintain a continuous narrative. For instance, Darl focuses on the quality of light in his walk toward home. He sees the cotton house as it leans in empty and shimmering desolation in the sunlight and later the boards of Addies coffin sit between the shadow spaces and are yellow as gold, like soft gold. The attention given to climate and landscape provides a strong atmospheric effect which tends to function at the expense of the people themselves. They are less simply people than they are people in a place with specific things about them that make them specific people. So, before we meet Tull himself, we encounter his wagon holding two chairs beside the spring; before we meet Cash himself, we hear the roaring of his saw and the chucking of his adze; before we meet Addie herself, we see her coffin being assembled. These things about these people come to stand for the people themselves, as symbols of their identity. Thus, Tull is a detached man of industry via the fact of his wagon; Cash is a builder and a craftsman via the sounds of his labor; Addie is a corpse- in-waiting via the assembly of her coffin. Often the intensity of these symbols, coupled with the experimental structure of the novel, serves to sap the energy out of any potential interactions between the several characters in the novel. Darl comes upon Cash at work on the coffin, but no words are exchanged. Instead of remembering any dialogue that Darl and Cash might have shared, the reader is left to ponder the strange silence of the words on the page that stand for the sounds made by the Chuck. Chuck. Chuck. of the adze. If the reader is able to find out any information about the characters independent of the interior monologues, it is generally through the thoughts or attitudes expressed by other characters in their own interior monologues, rather than through the any revelations of dialogue occurring between characters. In this way, the structure of the novel becomes a self-referential web of increasing psychological complexity. The reader has no objective narrator to lean on, but also lacks the simple comfort of a single subjective narrator. This forces the reader to make decisions about which voices to trust, encourages the reader to select good characters and bad characters, and generally makes for confusion when different voices present the same character in a different light. Even the little pieces of dialogue that are provided are always revealed in the context of a larger interior monologue, leading to a further indeterminacy of meaning. Is that really what Jewel said, or is that just what Darl remembered Jewel saying? Did Cora actually say that to Kate, or does she just choose to present it that way in her description? Paradoxically, the psychological nature of Faulkners approach serves to prevent the reader from feeling as close to understanding the characters as he or she might in a more traditionally structured prose narrative. They take on a life of their own to some extent, but as the creator of each of them he looms more self-consciously above the action than a more conservative author would seem to. But to be sure, there are many benefits to Faulkners approach. Though harder to execute, the elastic approach to a narrative which accounts for thought as well as speech and objective experience provides a more fully realistic paradigm of consciousness than a more simplistic approach could hope to. Rather than just I-do-this, I-do- that, or I-do-this, I-say-that, Faulkner elects for I- think-this, I-do-that, I-say-this, I-think-that. For instance, when Darl encounters his Anse and Vernon on the porch, an eternity of thought passes in Darls mind during the pause between his fathers question about Jewels whereabouts and Darls reply to that question. And in the ultimate consideration of lived experience, which is sticking closer to the heart, what you said or what you were thinking in between the times when you were saying things? As Darl lingers in Addies doorway, it is that heart-too-full-for-words effect that shines, rather than any explanation of what is happening in verbal or visib le terms. Part 2SummaryDewey Dell remembers a time when she went harvesting with Lafe. She was heading toward the secret shade with him, but wasnt sure how she felt about it. She said that if the sack was full, then she wouldnt be able to help it. Lafe helped her to make sure she couldnt help it by helping her to fill her sack, and then they were together. Later, Dewey Dell realizes that Darl discovered them together. She is remembering all of this in the present as Darl stands in the doorway taking his leave of Addie. A brief exchange ensues between Dewey Dell and Darl about Darls imminent departure with Jewel. Tull tries to relieve Anse of his lingering reservations about taking the job. Anse is resigned to the fact of Addies approaching death. Vardaman appears, climbing up the hill with a large fish which he is planning to show to Addie. Anse, unimpressed, orders Vardaman to clean the fish before taking it inside. Cora and Tull prepare to depart for the evening, as Anse stands dumbly in the same room with Addie. Cora and Tull restate their offer of help in any manner, and take their leave. As they approach the wagon, Cora and Tull speak with Kate and Eula about the Bundren situation. Kate is especially vocal and speculative about the Bundren fortunes. Anse, in a crude diction, begins complaining about the weather, his sons, and the commotion of the road. He curses his luck for living near the road, and blames the road for Addies falling ill. As Anse thinks on his bad fortune, Vardaman reappears, full of blood from having dealt with his fish. Telling Vardaman to go wash his hands, Anse rues the hardening of his heart. Meanwhile, Darl is in the wagon with Jewel, on the job. He recalls confronting Dewey Dell about her encounter with Lafe. The sun is about to set. Darl is still getting used to the idea that Addie is about to die, voicing the likelihood over and over to a silent Jewel. Peabody, having received the call from Anse to come and attend to Addie, makes his way to the Bundren land. He can hear Cash sawing from a mile away. It is sunset. A cyclone is afoot. Being overweight, Peabody needs help to climb the ridge. Vardaman gets the rope to help him scale the mountain. After some struggle, Peabody arrives at the house. He enters Addies room and she is perfectly still, except for the movement of her eyes. Outside, Peabody asks Anse why he didnt send for him sooner. Dewey Dell interrupts their conversation and they return to Addies room. Dewey Dell tells Peabody that Addie wants him to leave. Cash continues to saw away, and Addie calls out his name loudly. Barack Obama 's President Obama EssayPart 4SummaryTull returns to the Bundren household with Peabodys team at ten the next morning. He discusses the high level of the river with Quick and Armstid. Anse comes to the door and greets them. The women repair to the house, the men to the porch. Cash is getting ready to nail the coffin shut for good. They lay Addie into the coffin reversed, so as to protect her wedding dress. Whitfield arrives to perform the funeral as Tull is about to leave and announces that the bridge has been washed away. Cash emerges cleaned and dressed, and discusses his fall with Tull. Inside, the women begin to sing together. Then Whitfield sings, deeply. Then the women sing again. As they leave, Cora is still singing. On the way home, they see Vardaman fishing aimlessly in a slough. Because of the ditched wagon, Darl and Jewel return home a couple of days later than expected. Upon arriving, Jewel is angered to find the dead horse of Peabodys that Vardaman lashed in the stall. Finally, the family is getting ready to leave with the coffin. Cash is trying to explain to Jewel why the coffin wont balance. Jewel ignores Cash and demands that he help pick up the coffin. Darl is witness to the confrontation. Anse and Cash and Darl and Jewel lift the coffin and carry it down the hall and out of the house. Cash reiterates his reservation about the coffin being unbalanced as they prepare to carry it down the slope. Jewel continues to push forward, and Cash, hobbling, falls back. Darl is shouldering the entire load on his side, but Jewel picks up the slack, almost single-handedly muscling the coffin into the wagon bed, and then cursing out loud. Vardaman is preparing to go to town with the rest of the family. Jewel heads for the barn. Vardaman has a discussion with Darl about their mother. Cash is brinigng his toolbox to town. Dewey Dell is carrying a package with her. Darl sees Jewel heading for the barn. Darl scrutinizes Dewey Dell. Jewel enters the barn. Anse remarks on Jewels disrespectfulness. Cash proposes that they leave Jewel behind. Darl suggests that Jewel will catch up to them. Anse, Cash, Darl, Dewey Dell and Vardaman set out with the coffin in tow. Anse is still thinking bitterly of Jewel, when Darl begins to laugh. The wagon has just passed Tulls lane, and just as Darl predicted, Jewel is approaching swiftly behind them on horseback. Darl continues laughing. Darl sees Jewel approaching. They pass Tulls lot, and exchange waves. Cash notes that the corpse will begin to smell in a few days, and that the coffin is still unbalanced. Darl proposes that Cash mention these observations to Jewel. A mile later, Jewel passes the wagon without acknowledgment. Anse delivers another religious soliloquy. They drive all day and reach Samsons at dark. A second bridge has been washed away. The river is higher than it has ever been. Anse takes comfort in the fact that he will be getting a new set of teeth. CommentaryDarl and Jewel manifest their grief over Addies death in two completely different fashions. Whereas Darls anguish is primarily mental, Jewels grief is expressed through the physical. The division between mental and physical anguish is a useful dichotomy for examining the other sibling reactions as well. Of course the two states of discord are linked, but one force may lead the other along more strongly. So, while Darl spends much of his time speculating on the meaning of is, Jewel is more likely to be riding roughshod over an unbroken horse. Interestingly, Vardamans anguish is a striking mix of Darls mental style and Jewels physical style. While Vardaman plays the language game with Darl, he also shares Jewels conflict with horses. Cashs grief, though strictly implicit up to this point, is primarily manifested through the physical. By absorbing himself in the construction of the coffin, Cash creates an emotional vacuum that allows him to escape from the pain of letting his mother go. However, Cash is unable to completely throw himself into the physical, as a result of the injury he sustained after having fallen thirty feet from the top of a church. Because of his limp, Cash hobbles at times when he might have otherwise pushed forward blindly and brutishly. For instance, when the Bundren men go to transport the coffin from the house to the wagon, Cash is unable to carry his weight at the pace that Jewels grief drives him to. With Darl thinking really hard and Jewel muscling really hard, Cash finds himself stuck in the middle, unable to do either. Dewey Dells grief is also primarily physical, although of a different sort. As she says, she doesnt know how to worry, and so her anguish comes out in the form of her promiscuity. Her sexual drive, far from solely the sheer seeking of physical pleasure, is a physical torment to her, and a mental torment as well. This torment assumes a tangible form with her pregnancy, when her world becomes a tub fullof guts. But her sense of helplessness in matters of sex is specific not strictly to her pregnancy or her sexuality. Her anxiety is a manifestation of the larger problems that plague her as a young woman in her general situation, as a teenage daughter in a poor farming family who has just lost her mother, and finds herself the only female of the lot. Cashs attempts to subdue boards, Darls attempts to subdue logic, Dewey Dells attempts to subdue desire, Jewels attempts to subdue horses and Vardamans attempts to subdue time passing: each of these struggles is intimately related to the struggle which all of them feel in parting with their mother. By projecting their energies into these other things, their focus shifts away from the true pain they feel at the loss of their mother. It is an subconscious shift, but one which serves to mitigate the trauma. At the end of the 1920s, as Faulkner composed As I Lay Dying, ideas about the subconscious anxieties of man were on the tip of everyones tongue. Sigmund Freud had helped to establish psychoanalysis as an increasingly dominant field of inquiry, and Freudian notions of internal conflict, dreams and subconscious sexuality had by then captivated many of the leading intellectual figures of the day. Dewey Dell is one of the most representatively drawn Freudian types in American literature, to the point where she almost appears to be a caricature of Freuds theories today. Perhaps the fundamental plank of Freudian theory is that thoughts and awareness are entirely separate realms. How we think and what we do rarely line up, which leads much of the internal and external conflict that we face. By overlapping the action from several points of view, Faulkner is able to illustrate the ways in which what is done and what is thought stay separate. For instance, when Darl sees Jewel approaching the wagon on horseback, Anse observes him laughing. Although Darl doesnt even mention the incident as having occurred in his monologue, Anse spends the bulk of his monologue dwelling on Darls insensitivity for having laughed so casually during his mothers funeral procession. Because so much of the family resentment remains unvoiced, Darls molehill becomes Anses mountain. Or, even worse, in this case, Darl remains oblivious to that which consumes Anse. Part 5SummaryJust before sundown, Samson is sitting on his porch with MacCallum and Quick when the Bundren wagon passes by. Quick catches up to them to inform them that the bridge has washed away, and the Bundrens return to Samsons. Samson offers to put the Bundrens up for the evening. The Bundrens accept, but refuse an offer of supper and sleep in the barn. Early the next morning, they set out to retrace their steps without a farewell to Samson. Dewey Dell is riding in the wagon on the road back to New Hope. She is thinking of her dead mother and of the relationships she has with the men in her family. Instead of turning into New Hope, they go back past Tulls lane again, and exchange waves. Tull takes his mule out to follow the wagon, and catches up with it down by the levee. The Bundrens stand at the rivers edge, staring at the washed-out bridge and contemplating a crossing. Jewel lashes out at Tull for following them down to the river. Cash hushes Jewel, and announces a plan for a crossing. Jewel asks Tull to help them cross with his mule, but Tull refuses. Darl observes Jewel glaring at Tull. Darl recalls a time during Jewels teenage years when he began falling asleep regularly during the day. He remembers how Addie used to cover up his mistakes for him. Initially Cash and Darl suspected that Jewel was spending his nights with a married woman, but one night Cash trailed Jewel on his midnight run and found evidence to the contrary. All is revealed a few months later when Jewel materializes on a new horse that he has purchased from Quick after clearing forty acres of his land, working at night by lantern. Anse is upset by this gesture of independence, and later that night Darl finds Addie crying beside Jewel, who is asleep in bed. Tull accompanies Anse and Dewey Dell and Vardaman on a treacherous crossing along the washed-out bridge. Eventually they make the other side, and Cash and Darl and Jewel turn the wagon around and drive it down to the ford. CommentaryIn the world Faulkner creates, where so little is said, so much is communicated through glances and by eyes. When Tull arrives to help the Bundrens at the rivers edge, he finds himself being stared at in three very different ways by three very different Bundren siblings. Darls gaze is knowing, Dewy Dells is lustful and Jewels is hostile. Leaving aside the simple hostility of Jewels vision, lets examine more fully the nature of the gazes of Darl and Dewey Dell. Tull finds Dewey Dell looking at him like he was wanting to touch her. This may involve an real desire on the part of Dewey Dell to actually be touched, given the content of the monologues that she has delivered. Earlier, when Samson offered to put the Bundrens up for the night, he felt Dewey Dells eyes fixed on him as though pistols, blazing at him. Dewey Dell, checked by propriety against doing, or even saying, to these men, looks right through the standards of decorum and into the deep heart of desire. The intensity of her gaze is not lost on any of those whom she bestows it upon, and she is by no means reserved in applying it. That Dewey Dell should be so wild-eyed is unsurprising in light of her outrageous thoughts. In addition to the fervor of her feeling for Lafe and Peabody, and the strength of her stares at Samson and Tull, she is driven to distraction by her family relationships as well. In a stream-of-consciousness sequence, she imagines being asleep in a bed next to Vardaman when suddenly she finds all of them back under me again and going on like a piece of cool silk dragging across my naked legs. Because Vardaman is pre-sexual, he doesnt participate, but apart from that, Dewey Dell finds herself unwillingly overwhelmed by abstract incestuous desire. Because of her sense of seductiveness, even where her family is concerned, Dewey Dell believes that she has a special pull over the Bundren males. In the wagon on the way to New Hope, she meditates on her power over Anse, sure that he will do a she says, that she can persuade him to do anything. However, she isnt as positive of Darls automatic compliance. This frustrates Dewey Dell to the point of hostility, even to the point where she imagines killing him. Darl stymied Dewey Dell because his gaze exceeds hers in degree, and is of a kind that she is powerless to comprehend. Whereas Dewey Dells gaze is sexually charged and therefore extremely focused, Darls is dispassionate and seemingly all-encompassing. Dewey Dell herself remarks that the land runs out of Darls eyes, suggesting that he has an overarching power to observe, process and explain the environment around him. This superhuman detachment and understanding is what makes Darl seem such a strange creature to other people, and generates much talk over his difference. Again, the eyes have it. As Tull arrives at the rivers edge to help the Bundrens with the crossing, he is paralyzed by Darl, who, as Tull says, looks at me with them queer eyes of hisn that makes folks talk. As Tull explains, it was never so much as what Darl said or did as the way in which he look at others. The intensity of that gaze makes it seem, Like somehow you was looking at yourself and your doings outen his eyes. Darls ability to transmit a sense of omniscience is largely due to the richness of his inner life, and especially, of his moral life. In remembering the incident where Jewel earned money by moonlight to buy a horse, Darl reveals the understanding of his gaze in several instances. He perceives Jewel wasting away, and knows that something is wrong; he perceives Addie by Jewels bedside, and knows that she is plagued by guilt for the deceit she has employed to cover his tracks; he perceives Cash the morning after Cash trailed Jewel on his mission, and knows that Cash has found out Jewels secret. Darls eyes are as strong as they are because of the careful scrutiny that they place on the eyes of others, in the above passages and throughout the remainder of the novel.