case - 5175 Words

Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics Coffee Wars - The Big Three: Starbucks, McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts Michael G. Brizek South Carolina State University ABSTRACT Coffee – for some, a morning cannot begin without it. Many daily rituals include it. It can be seductive, enticing, and addictive. Hard-core coffee drinkers pride themselves on their coffee palettes, their refined ability to distinguish â€Å"good† coffee from â€Å"bad.† And once a diehard coffee drinker finds his favorite blend, mountains sometimes must be moved to entice him to deviate from it. But, for decades, the idea of â€Å"good† coffee was synonymous with â€Å"expensive.† If a consumer wanted to try the best blends or flavors, he had to be prepared to pay for†¦show more content†¦Starbucks has continued to grow over the years, launching its VIAâ„ ¢ Ready Brew coffee in 2009 (Starbucks Timeline, 2010). Today, Starbucks has more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, and is known as the world’s premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee (Starbucks Heritage, 2010). Mission Statement As stated on Starbucks’ company website: â€Å"Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2010). The company lives by certain principles every day to ensure achievement of this mission. These principles include creation of quality coffee using the finest coffee beans, embracing diversity in its employees (called partners), building a human connection with its customers, creating a sense of belonging through its stores (havens), being a part of a neighborhood through development of a sense of community, and delivering rewards to all its stakeholders. Because Starbucks understands the importance of social responsibility, and is tremendously dedicated to the â€Å"green movement,† it has a separate environmental mission statement. â€Å"Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2010). Coffee wars, Page 2 Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics Starbucks fulfills this mission by understanding environmental issues, usingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Case And Moral Case Justification For Diversity Management1748 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantage and organisational profit. When looking at diversity in the workforce, the business case and the moral case justification are often necessary. The following paragraphs will talk more about the business case and moral case, and the linkages between them, as well as the theories and conceptual frameworks for the business and moral cases justification for diversity management in organisations. The business case for diversity is often expressed in terms of managing diversity (Urwin et al. 2013). ItRead MoreDescription Of A Model Case1281 Words   |  6 Pages5. Cases: Model, Related, Contrary, Borderline Invented Model Case A model is a simple representation of something else. Avant and Walker 2011, define a model case as an occurrence that defines the case or idea exactly. In many instances, a model is something that the person can relate to and should come first in the study (Avant Walker, 2011). Example of a model case: â€Å"Jason† is a 31-year-old white male that has worked on the surgical oncology floor for 5 years. He has a wife and a two-year-oldRead MoreCases1747 Words   |  7 PagesState of Karnataka Respondent Appearing on behalf of Respondent INDEX SR.NO | PARTICULARS | PAGE NO. | 1. | List of Abbreviations | | 2 | Authority Cited | | 3 | Statement Of Jurisdiction | | 4 | Fact Of Case | | 5 | Issue Of The Case | | 6 | Body Of Pleading | | 7 | Prayer Clause | | LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. Indian Evidence Act 1872 2. Indian penal code 1860 3. Criminal Procedure code 1973 4. Criminal law 1967 AUTHORITY CITED 1. Chirra ShivarajRead MoreCase Study : Case Analysis : Case Study2888 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: CASE ANALYSIS 1 CASE ANALYSIS 9 Case Analysis (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) Introduction The case is about Modrow Company, the subsidiary of Tri-American Corporation based in Canada. The branch has 1000 employees whose primary function is fabricating aluminum. The advantages of Modrow are its locationRead MoreCase Study : Owner Of The Hotel Kallessi Mctavish1788 Words   |  8 PagesMcTavish is a case when given authorities have also certain restrictions which should be followed to avoid unpredictable or unnecessary problems. In hospitality business is a phenomenon, that miscommunication and lack or wrong information can occur very often. Communication is a key for success in hospitality and this can be provided by both sides, employers either employees. According to the authorities and restrictions there are two cases, where similar problems occurred. These cases will be usedRead MoreHolding Fast Case Study1444 Words   |  6 PagesHolding Fast HBR Business Case Assignment 1. This case starts out in a lab that is located in a building that is operated by Crescordia. Crescordia is a company that makes a range of products such as artificial hips and scalps but also is one of the few companies that sell fixation devices. At the beginning of the case Crescordia holds a seminar for orthopedic surgeons so they can better familiarize themselves with the products and procedures that are needed when dealing with using these fixationRead MoreCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about and feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreCranberry Case724 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT FORM COURSE: Operation Management INSTRUCTOR: Professor Wang Xiayang HOMEWORK: Case Writing –National Cranberry Cooperative NAME: JESSIE ZHOU/KOBE LIU STUDENT ID NO.: 08210359/ CLASS: 09PA STUDENT DECLARATION I declare that this assignment is my own work, which all sources of reference are acknowledged in full and it has not been submitted for any other course. Signature: Date: 10/10/30 NATIONAL CRANBERRY COOPERATIVE Read MoreSynthes Case727 Words   |  3 PagesSynthes Case Study Team S Santiago Sanchez Villalba Bharat Pawar Morris Li Jose Llanos Tiia Paananen What are the different threats to the sustainability of Synthes` competitive advantage? Synthes has several threats to consider in the near and upcoming future. The first threat we can talk about is with regards to imitation. Imitation is a big deal in the internal fixation device industry. Synthes has become the leader in this market due to several competitive advantages, for exampleRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. How would you characterize Lincoln Electric’s strategy? In this context, what is the nature of Lincoln’s business and upon what bases does this company compete? 2. What are the most important elements of Lincoln’s overall approach to organization and control that help explain why this company is so successful? How well do Lincoln’s organization and control mechanisms

The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in...

The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in Developing Countries  · Describe the nature of supplying drugs to emerging markets at an affordable price without undermining their profits  · Research and analyse in depth the effectiveness of one proposed policy response to this issue. Introduction 1 2001 saw a flurry of events, as highlighted in the excepts of the case study, which caused an awareness by the international community of the inequality between rich and poor nations in the care and treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS. 2 Epitomized by the lawsuit against the South African government, the drug companies want desperately to be seen helping fight the global AIDS crisisÂ… but the companies also remain unwavering in†¦show more content†¦By setting at this price, it could largely meet the demands for the patients in high-income countries, but it also meant that the demand of the low-income countries would not be met since they were unable to afford the price. (This is also due to the relatively higher elasticity of demand in low-income countries.) Sold in the market at a uniform price, the total revenue (price x quantity) for the drug companies is thus maximized. The surplus of revenue over marginal manufacturing costs would fund the sunk costs (of RD and factory building) and any profits. Rationale for Lower Prices Ââ€" Price Discrimination 9 However, with mounting pressures from the public to provide greater access to the drugs especially to the lower-income countries, as well as to counter the increased competition from generic drugs, the drug companies have adopted a different pricing policy. Economic theory also emphasizes that firms in monopoly (or oligopoly) position can rationally practice price discrimination. This means that the drug companies can offer different prices for the same product according to the characteristics of each segment of the demand on markets. 10 It would be the firm s rational behaviour to offer the highest prices for customers with the lowest price elasticity of demand (and the highest willingness-to-pay), in this case, to maintain the high price for high-income countries. On the other hand, the firm can alsoShow MoreRelatedPatents And Its Impact On The World1254 Words   |  6 Pagesapplicable to industry. Patents were initiated for many reasons including providing property rights for accomplishments of people along with preventing market failure to occur through free riding. While patents provide many benefits to the world, many side effects or disadvantages have resulted from these ownerships of rights which have led to many temporary monopolies. One large impact which patents have had on the world is the impact on access to medication through pharmaceutical companies. TheRead MoreEssay On Patent Systems1057 Words   |  5 PagesPatent or not to patent? Access to essential medicine in developing countries There has been a long-standing debate around the private right of owning an idea and monetising it versus the public good achievable through that idea. This is particularly relevant when the idea or innovation is one for a product or technology that can save lives or combat diseases. In this case, argument arise for a moral obligation to share such ideas which must be balanced against the right to commercialise these ideasRead MoreThe Glbal Phamaceutical Industry1609 Words   |  7 Pages : 19852274 Assignment Title : The Global Pharmaceutical Industry. Date : 10 March 2012 Programme : BTECH-MANAGEMENT IV Question 1 Identify the main environmental forces currently affecting the global pharmaceutical industry? PESTEL analysis of the global pharmaceutical industry: Political * Governments set stringent regulation and is a powerful purchaser. * Governments around the world focus on pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their efforts to controlRead More Pharmaceutical Companies Stand in the Way of Treatment Essay3558 Words   |  15 PagesPharmaceutical Companies Stand in the Way of Treatment Abstract This casebook concentrates on the negative effects that the pharmaceutical industry’s trade and production policies have on third world nations suffering from disease epidemics. My position is that pharmaceutical companies are not concerned with the health benefits of their drugs, but rather with the market that their drugs generate. I illustrate this notion by describing the trade policies that pharmaceutical companies influenceRead MorePharmaceutical Rights and Marketing1175 Words   |  5 Pagescost of the medication. Many pharmaceutical companies have begun to find gaps within the government patent system. As rivalry has started to grow, many of these pharmaceutical companies are beginning to use product patents to create a monopoly. The ending result is to change the patent law and increase restrictions in order to provide fairness and reasonable prices. Although, we have made significant strides in research and development for HIV medication, pharmaceutical companies have yet to findRead MoreEssay On Essential Medicine933 Words   |  4 Pageslack of medicine in third world countries abroad and fight medical patenting that is making medical prices to skyrocket, thus causing inaccessibility of drugs for patients. Experts, like the AMA (American Medical Association) and the FDA (Food and Drug Association), and activists like WHO (World Health Organization) and the AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges) join UAEM in this effort to fight monopolizing drug cartels and this global socio-medical crisis. AMA, FDA, WHO, and AAMC have madeRead MorePharmaceutical Companies2392 Words   |  10 PagesThere is a lot of discussion about pharmaceutical companies, intellectual property, and the global AIDS epidemic. Do pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or low cost in developing countries? Why is intellectual property such a big deal? What impact would South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drugs in the country have on the international distribution of drugs? Was the change that provided patent protection for pharmaceutical companies an appropriate changeRead MorePHARMACEUTICAL PATENTING IN INDIA:PROBLEM OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO HEALTH5190 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTING IN INDIA:PROBLEM OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO HEALTH TABLE OF CASES 1) Novartis AG v. Union of India, (2007) 4 MLJ 1153 2) Bayer Corporation Others v. Cipla, UOI others, 2009(41) PTC 643 (Del). INTRODUCTION A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine, is a chemical substance used in the medication or in the preparation of medication for treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis of  disease. The definition of the term drug includes articles intended for useRead MoreThe Concept of Product Patent for Pharmaceutical Products Is Likely to Make Life Saving Medicine Beyond the Reach of the Poor and Deprived Section of the Society Around the World. a Number of African Countries Have Been3046 Words   |  13 PagesMANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT QUESTION: The concept of product patent for pharmaceutical products is likely to make life saving medicine beyond the reach of the poor and deprived section of the society around the world. A number of African countries have been the worst hit by the spective of AIDS. CIPLA an Indian Pharmaceutical Company has offered to market ant aids medicine at one length the cost at which it is sold by global pharmaceutical firm. However due to the product patent, law, substantial controversyRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Food Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesof the food crisis (Ingham, 29914). As the nation’s president, it is my responsibility to make decisions that will best serve today’s population, and provocate success for the generations to come. Equally weighing both of these responsibilities led to my decision to refuse the US donations in the form of genetically modified crops. I realize the severity of the situation which plagues my people, but I cannot leave the extended welfare of my country to chance. My decision to refuse aid in the form

The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text Free Essays

I read approximately 350-400 pages in the text A History of Western Society, 8th Ed.   Ã‚  I didn’t read in a continuous style instead flipping through the book stopping at something interesting reading then reading several pages of that chapter, moving on to others gaining knowledge of several chapters of the book rather than focusing on one. It is a historical text on western civilization from Mesopotamia to the present, with focus on social history with chapters on Greece, Rome, religious wars, political revolutions, evolutions in energy and industry, expansion, urbanism, nationalism, dictatorship and the Second World War, even the Cold War. We will write a custom essay sample on The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text or any similar topic only for you Order Now    I thought of it as a sociological perspective on history. The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text.   I liked that the theme of politics and culture were balanced giving the reader a chance to see it from a broader perspective.   It balanced the socio-economical structures during different periods in time that was very intriguing. The way the book was presented the reader with tools to help with self-educating and useful study guides for students to truly understand what it must have been like in the past, socially.   I felt the questions were really helpful in stimulating my own critical thinking.   Features all through the text gave interesting accounts of everything from groups to major historical events that put the reader right into history. I felt that the pictures were chosen well to present the material written.   I like that everything from resent news, art and European countries were given a fair introduction to western history.   I felt the authors were able to give a broader perspective to foreign countries that were much unbiased.   Islamic regions were also introduced to the reader in very stimulating terms. And I am glad to see that the expansion of history to include women and gender issues that has occurred in western society.   The section on witch hunts and the Athenian women balanced the book nicely. I really enjoyed flipping through and reading the text and felt that it would be a very good tool to use for undergraduate study as an introductory class.   It gives the student a really good start on terms and concepts of sociology and history.   I felt that this would also be a good book for the use in Art History. The color photos clearly show the artistic beauty of many cultures and society.   The three authors John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, and Buckler are well respected and each is very proficient in history; which gave the book a solid scholarly mark for it to be a must reading. The book should be on any good historian’s book shelf.   The use of Blackboard I really liked because of the apparent growing use of that learning tool.   This text was full of teaching tools to use with that program that will help the first year student to become acquainted with something they will increasing begin to use on their trek towards their college degrees. Reference: McKay, J.P., Hill, B.D., Buckler, J. (2006) A History of Western Society, 8th. Ed.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boston: Houghton Mifflin.    How to cite The textbook was a very interesting and colorfully descriptive history text, Essays

The Bundren Family Essay Example For Students

The Bundren Family Essay Addie Bundren As the matriarch of the Bundren family, Addie is the absent protagonist of the novel. A former schoolteacher, she married Anse Bundren after a brief courtship and bore him four children: Cash, Darl, Dewey Dell and Vardaman. As the result of an affair with Whitfield, Addie is also mother to an illegitimate child, Jewel. At the outset of the novel, Addie is gravely ill, and dies soon thereafter. Her dying wish to be buried with her relatives in Jefferson, the capital of Yoknapatawpha County, provides the impetus for the novels action. Anse Bundren Anse, the patriarch of the Bundren family, is a poor farmer who feels duty-bound to honor his late wifes burial request. But his unhalting ambition to deliver Addie to rest in Jefferson at any cost and despite all hardships serves to cast doubt on both his intelligence and his motives. Upon finally arriving in Jefferson, Anse quickly makes good on his promise to Addie, and then proceeds to acquire a new set of false teeth and a second bride. Cash Bundren The eldest of the Bundren children, Cash is an aspiring carpenter who occupies himself with the construction of his mothers coffin during her dying days. After previously enduring a broken leg when he fell from the roof of a church, he re-injures the same leg in the journey to bury Addie while attempting to cross a river with a wagon in the face of flood conditions. For the rest of the novel Cash is incapacitated, and as the result of a shoddy attempt to set his injured leg in cement, he is hobbled for life. Darl Bundren The next eldest of the Bundren children, Darl delivers the largest number of interior monologues in the novel. An extremely sensitive and articulate young man, he is grief stricken by the death of his mother and the plight of his familys burial journey. After he sets fire to the Gillespie barn in an attempt to incinerate his mothers corpse, his family commits him against his will to a mental institution in Jackson. Jewel The bastard child borne of Addies affair with Whitfield, Jewel lives with the Bundren family as though he were completely of it. However, his unique antecedents inspire within him a fiercely independent turn of mind. As an adolescent, he secretly earned enough money to purchase his own horse, and his self-sufficiency leads to frequent clashes with Anse. A large young man, younger than Darl but older than Dewey Dell, he is as physically active as he is imposing, hauling Addie across the flooding river and rescuing her from the burning barn. Dewey Dell Bundren Dewey Dell, the only Bundren daughter, is a seventeen year-old with a libidinous streak. She becomes pregnant after an affair with Lafe, and seeks an abortion in Jefferson. Vardaman Bundren Vardaman is the youngest of the Bundren children. The fish he catches on the day of his mothers death comes to stand as a symbol of her life and her passing. Vernon Tull Vernon tull is a wealthier farmer who lives near the Bundrens. He visits the Bundrens frequently during Addies last days, and assists them in their river crossing during the funeral journey. Cora Tull Cora, Vernon Tulls wife, is a reverentially pious woman who, along with her daughters Kate and Eula, helps Dewey Dell to care for Addie in her final hours. Whitfield Whitfield is a local minister who carries out an illicit affair with Addie Bundren, resulting in the birth of Jewel. Peabody Peabody is an overweight rural doctor who attends to Addie and later to Cash. Samson Samson is a local farmer who puts up the Bundrens on the first evening of their funeral journey. Armstid Armstid is a local farmer who puts up the Bundrens on the second and third evenings of their funeral journey. Moseley Moseley is a druggist in Mottson who refuses to help Dewey Dell in her search for abortion medicine. MacGowan MacGowan is an employee at a drug store in Jefferson who poses as a doctor in an attempt to seduce Dewey Dell when she inquires after abortion medicine. Part 1SummaryDarl describes his approach with Jewel from the field toward the main house. They pass a dilapidated cotton house and then reach the foot of a bluff, where Tulls wagon sits holding two chairs. At the top of the bluff, Cash is working on a coffin for Addie, dutifully chopping and sawing. Darl leaves him there and enters the house proper. Inside, Cora is thinking about some cakes she recently made to order, only to see the order cancelled after she had baked the cakes. Kate rails at the injustice of this twist, while Cora is more inclined to take it in stride. Addie lies nearby, frail and silent, hardly breathing, as Eula watches over her. Outside, the sound of Cashs chopping and sawing continues. Cora recalls Addies talent for baking cakes. Addie appears to be asleep, or else watching Cash hard at work out the window. Darl passes through the hall without a word and heads for the back of the house. Darl encounters Anse and Tull on the back porch. Anse asks after Jewel. Darl takes a deep drink of water, and recalls other drinks of water he has taken. Then Darl explains that Jewel is at the barn, attending to the horses. Jewel struggles violently with one horse in the mounting, the riding and the dismounting, and feeds him quickly before taking his leave. Jewel thinks with bitterness and resentment about Cashs insistence on constructing Addies coffin right outside of the window where she lays dying. He is angry at Cashs pride in his craftsmanship, and at the other members of the family for their complicity in allowing such a situation to occur. He expresses a wish to be alone with his mother in her final days. Darl is prepared to accept a job for Vernon, but then hesitates. Rain seems to be in the offing, and there is concern about Addie expiring before he and Jewel would be able to return with the team of horses. Tull reassures them, and Jewel lashes out at Tull for his intrusiveness. Jewel then proceeds to voice his anger toward Cash and the rest of the family for their seeming eagerness to hurry Addie to her end. Anse responds by defending the familys fortitude in following Addies last wishes. Finally, Darl decides to take the job on the condition that he and Jewel will return by the next day at sundown. As Darl passes back through the hall to leave, he hears voices floating all around him. Cora observes Darl re-entering the house, and is touched by the emotion with which he bids Addie farewell. She contrasts Darls sweetness with what she feels to be the callousness of Anse and Jewel. As Darl stands in the doorway, prepared to depart, Dewey Dell asks him what he wants. He ignores her, and instead stares at his mother, his heart too full for words. CommentaryForm the very beginning, Faulkner balances the intensity of his character monologues and the expansiveness of visual descriptions with admirable control. Each voice is uniquely subjective, but each voice makes observations about objective details which help to give fullness to the scene and to maintain a continuous narrative. For instance, Darl focuses on the quality of light in his walk toward home. He sees the cotton house as it leans in empty and shimmering desolation in the sunlight and later the boards of Addies coffin sit between the shadow spaces and are yellow as gold, like soft gold. The attention given to climate and landscape provides a strong atmospheric effect which tends to function at the expense of the people themselves. They are less simply people than they are people in a place with specific things about them that make them specific people. So, before we meet Tull himself, we encounter his wagon holding two chairs beside the spring; before we meet Cash himself, we hear the roaring of his saw and the chucking of his adze; before we meet Addie herself, we see her coffin being assembled. These things about these people come to stand for the people themselves, as symbols of their identity. Thus, Tull is a detached man of industry via the fact of his wagon; Cash is a builder and a craftsman via the sounds of his labor; Addie is a corpse- in-waiting via the assembly of her coffin. Often the intensity of these symbols, coupled with the experimental structure of the novel, serves to sap the energy out of any potential interactions between the several characters in the novel. Darl comes upon Cash at work on the coffin, but no words are exchanged. Instead of remembering any dialogue that Darl and Cash might have shared, the reader is left to ponder the strange silence of the words on the page that stand for the sounds made by the Chuck. Chuck. Chuck. of the adze. If the reader is able to find out any information about the characters independent of the interior monologues, it is generally through the thoughts or attitudes expressed by other characters in their own interior monologues, rather than through the any revelations of dialogue occurring between characters. In this way, the structure of the novel becomes a self-referential web of increasing psychological complexity. The reader has no objective narrator to lean on, but also lacks the simple comfort of a single subjective narrator. This forces the reader to make decisions about which voices to trust, encourages the reader to select good characters and bad characters, and generally makes for confusion when different voices present the same character in a different light. Even the little pieces of dialogue that are provided are always revealed in the context of a larger interior monologue, leading to a further indeterminacy of meaning. Is that really what Jewel said, or is that just what Darl remembered Jewel saying? Did Cora actually say that to Kate, or does she just choose to present it that way in her description? Paradoxically, the psychological nature of Faulkners approach serves to prevent the reader from feeling as close to understanding the characters as he or she might in a more traditionally structured prose narrative. They take on a life of their own to some extent, but as the creator of each of them he looms more self-consciously above the action than a more conservative author would seem to. But to be sure, there are many benefits to Faulkners approach. Though harder to execute, the elastic approach to a narrative which accounts for thought as well as speech and objective experience provides a more fully realistic paradigm of consciousness than a more simplistic approach could hope to. Rather than just I-do-this, I-do- that, or I-do-this, I-say-that, Faulkner elects for I- think-this, I-do-that, I-say-this, I-think-that. For instance, when Darl encounters his Anse and Vernon on the porch, an eternity of thought passes in Darls mind during the pause between his fathers question about Jewels whereabouts and Darls reply to that question. And in the ultimate consideration of lived experience, which is sticking closer to the heart, what you said or what you were thinking in between the times when you were saying things? As Darl lingers in Addies doorway, it is that heart-too-full-for-words effect that shines, rather than any explanation of what is happening in verbal or visib le terms. Part 2SummaryDewey Dell remembers a time when she went harvesting with Lafe. She was heading toward the secret shade with him, but wasnt sure how she felt about it. She said that if the sack was full, then she wouldnt be able to help it. Lafe helped her to make sure she couldnt help it by helping her to fill her sack, and then they were together. Later, Dewey Dell realizes that Darl discovered them together. She is remembering all of this in the present as Darl stands in the doorway taking his leave of Addie. A brief exchange ensues between Dewey Dell and Darl about Darls imminent departure with Jewel. Tull tries to relieve Anse of his lingering reservations about taking the job. Anse is resigned to the fact of Addies approaching death. Vardaman appears, climbing up the hill with a large fish which he is planning to show to Addie. Anse, unimpressed, orders Vardaman to clean the fish before taking it inside. Cora and Tull prepare to depart for the evening, as Anse stands dumbly in the same room with Addie. Cora and Tull restate their offer of help in any manner, and take their leave. As they approach the wagon, Cora and Tull speak with Kate and Eula about the Bundren situation. Kate is especially vocal and speculative about the Bundren fortunes. Anse, in a crude diction, begins complaining about the weather, his sons, and the commotion of the road. He curses his luck for living near the road, and blames the road for Addies falling ill. As Anse thinks on his bad fortune, Vardaman reappears, full of blood from having dealt with his fish. Telling Vardaman to go wash his hands, Anse rues the hardening of his heart. Meanwhile, Darl is in the wagon with Jewel, on the job. He recalls confronting Dewey Dell about her encounter with Lafe. The sun is about to set. Darl is still getting used to the idea that Addie is about to die, voicing the likelihood over and over to a silent Jewel. Peabody, having received the call from Anse to come and attend to Addie, makes his way to the Bundren land. He can hear Cash sawing from a mile away. It is sunset. A cyclone is afoot. Being overweight, Peabody needs help to climb the ridge. Vardaman gets the rope to help him scale the mountain. After some struggle, Peabody arrives at the house. He enters Addies room and she is perfectly still, except for the movement of her eyes. Outside, Peabody asks Anse why he didnt send for him sooner. Dewey Dell interrupts their conversation and they return to Addies room. Dewey Dell tells Peabody that Addie wants him to leave. Cash continues to saw away, and Addie calls out his name loudly. Barack Obama 's President Obama EssayPart 4SummaryTull returns to the Bundren household with Peabodys team at ten the next morning. He discusses the high level of the river with Quick and Armstid. Anse comes to the door and greets them. The women repair to the house, the men to the porch. Cash is getting ready to nail the coffin shut for good. They lay Addie into the coffin reversed, so as to protect her wedding dress. Whitfield arrives to perform the funeral as Tull is about to leave and announces that the bridge has been washed away. Cash emerges cleaned and dressed, and discusses his fall with Tull. Inside, the women begin to sing together. Then Whitfield sings, deeply. Then the women sing again. As they leave, Cora is still singing. On the way home, they see Vardaman fishing aimlessly in a slough. Because of the ditched wagon, Darl and Jewel return home a couple of days later than expected. Upon arriving, Jewel is angered to find the dead horse of Peabodys that Vardaman lashed in the stall. Finally, the family is getting ready to leave with the coffin. Cash is trying to explain to Jewel why the coffin wont balance. Jewel ignores Cash and demands that he help pick up the coffin. Darl is witness to the confrontation. Anse and Cash and Darl and Jewel lift the coffin and carry it down the hall and out of the house. Cash reiterates his reservation about the coffin being unbalanced as they prepare to carry it down the slope. Jewel continues to push forward, and Cash, hobbling, falls back. Darl is shouldering the entire load on his side, but Jewel picks up the slack, almost single-handedly muscling the coffin into the wagon bed, and then cursing out loud. Vardaman is preparing to go to town with the rest of the family. Jewel heads for the barn. Vardaman has a discussion with Darl about their mother. Cash is brinigng his toolbox to town. Dewey Dell is carrying a package with her. Darl sees Jewel heading for the barn. Darl scrutinizes Dewey Dell. Jewel enters the barn. Anse remarks on Jewels disrespectfulness. Cash proposes that they leave Jewel behind. Darl suggests that Jewel will catch up to them. Anse, Cash, Darl, Dewey Dell and Vardaman set out with the coffin in tow. Anse is still thinking bitterly of Jewel, when Darl begins to laugh. The wagon has just passed Tulls lane, and just as Darl predicted, Jewel is approaching swiftly behind them on horseback. Darl continues laughing. Darl sees Jewel approaching. They pass Tulls lot, and exchange waves. Cash notes that the corpse will begin to smell in a few days, and that the coffin is still unbalanced. Darl proposes that Cash mention these observations to Jewel. A mile later, Jewel passes the wagon without acknowledgment. Anse delivers another religious soliloquy. They drive all day and reach Samsons at dark. A second bridge has been washed away. The river is higher than it has ever been. Anse takes comfort in the fact that he will be getting a new set of teeth. CommentaryDarl and Jewel manifest their grief over Addies death in two completely different fashions. Whereas Darls anguish is primarily mental, Jewels grief is expressed through the physical. The division between mental and physical anguish is a useful dichotomy for examining the other sibling reactions as well. Of course the two states of discord are linked, but one force may lead the other along more strongly. So, while Darl spends much of his time speculating on the meaning of is, Jewel is more likely to be riding roughshod over an unbroken horse. Interestingly, Vardamans anguish is a striking mix of Darls mental style and Jewels physical style. While Vardaman plays the language game with Darl, he also shares Jewels conflict with horses. Cashs grief, though strictly implicit up to this point, is primarily manifested through the physical. By absorbing himself in the construction of the coffin, Cash creates an emotional vacuum that allows him to escape from the pain of letting his mother go. However, Cash is unable to completely throw himself into the physical, as a result of the injury he sustained after having fallen thirty feet from the top of a church. Because of his limp, Cash hobbles at times when he might have otherwise pushed forward blindly and brutishly. For instance, when the Bundren men go to transport the coffin from the house to the wagon, Cash is unable to carry his weight at the pace that Jewels grief drives him to. With Darl thinking really hard and Jewel muscling really hard, Cash finds himself stuck in the middle, unable to do either. Dewey Dells grief is also primarily physical, although of a different sort. As she says, she doesnt know how to worry, and so her anguish comes out in the form of her promiscuity. Her sexual drive, far from solely the sheer seeking of physical pleasure, is a physical torment to her, and a mental torment as well. This torment assumes a tangible form with her pregnancy, when her world becomes a tub fullof guts. But her sense of helplessness in matters of sex is specific not strictly to her pregnancy or her sexuality. Her anxiety is a manifestation of the larger problems that plague her as a young woman in her general situation, as a teenage daughter in a poor farming family who has just lost her mother, and finds herself the only female of the lot. Cashs attempts to subdue boards, Darls attempts to subdue logic, Dewey Dells attempts to subdue desire, Jewels attempts to subdue horses and Vardamans attempts to subdue time passing: each of these struggles is intimately related to the struggle which all of them feel in parting with their mother. By projecting their energies into these other things, their focus shifts away from the true pain they feel at the loss of their mother. It is an subconscious shift, but one which serves to mitigate the trauma. At the end of the 1920s, as Faulkner composed As I Lay Dying, ideas about the subconscious anxieties of man were on the tip of everyones tongue. Sigmund Freud had helped to establish psychoanalysis as an increasingly dominant field of inquiry, and Freudian notions of internal conflict, dreams and subconscious sexuality had by then captivated many of the leading intellectual figures of the day. Dewey Dell is one of the most representatively drawn Freudian types in American literature, to the point where she almost appears to be a caricature of Freuds theories today. Perhaps the fundamental plank of Freudian theory is that thoughts and awareness are entirely separate realms. How we think and what we do rarely line up, which leads much of the internal and external conflict that we face. By overlapping the action from several points of view, Faulkner is able to illustrate the ways in which what is done and what is thought stay separate. For instance, when Darl sees Jewel approaching the wagon on horseback, Anse observes him laughing. Although Darl doesnt even mention the incident as having occurred in his monologue, Anse spends the bulk of his monologue dwelling on Darls insensitivity for having laughed so casually during his mothers funeral procession. Because so much of the family resentment remains unvoiced, Darls molehill becomes Anses mountain. Or, even worse, in this case, Darl remains oblivious to that which consumes Anse. Part 5SummaryJust before sundown, Samson is sitting on his porch with MacCallum and Quick when the Bundren wagon passes by. Quick catches up to them to inform them that the bridge has washed away, and the Bundrens return to Samsons. Samson offers to put the Bundrens up for the evening. The Bundrens accept, but refuse an offer of supper and sleep in the barn. Early the next morning, they set out to retrace their steps without a farewell to Samson. Dewey Dell is riding in the wagon on the road back to New Hope. She is thinking of her dead mother and of the relationships she has with the men in her family. Instead of turning into New Hope, they go back past Tulls lane again, and exchange waves. Tull takes his mule out to follow the wagon, and catches up with it down by the levee. The Bundrens stand at the rivers edge, staring at the washed-out bridge and contemplating a crossing. Jewel lashes out at Tull for following them down to the river. Cash hushes Jewel, and announces a plan for a crossing. Jewel asks Tull to help them cross with his mule, but Tull refuses. Darl observes Jewel glaring at Tull. Darl recalls a time during Jewels teenage years when he began falling asleep regularly during the day. He remembers how Addie used to cover up his mistakes for him. Initially Cash and Darl suspected that Jewel was spending his nights with a married woman, but one night Cash trailed Jewel on his midnight run and found evidence to the contrary. All is revealed a few months later when Jewel materializes on a new horse that he has purchased from Quick after clearing forty acres of his land, working at night by lantern. Anse is upset by this gesture of independence, and later that night Darl finds Addie crying beside Jewel, who is asleep in bed. Tull accompanies Anse and Dewey Dell and Vardaman on a treacherous crossing along the washed-out bridge. Eventually they make the other side, and Cash and Darl and Jewel turn the wagon around and drive it down to the ford. CommentaryIn the world Faulkner creates, where so little is said, so much is communicated through glances and by eyes. When Tull arrives to help the Bundrens at the rivers edge, he finds himself being stared at in three very different ways by three very different Bundren siblings. Darls gaze is knowing, Dewy Dells is lustful and Jewels is hostile. Leaving aside the simple hostility of Jewels vision, lets examine more fully the nature of the gazes of Darl and Dewey Dell. Tull finds Dewey Dell looking at him like he was wanting to touch her. This may involve an real desire on the part of Dewey Dell to actually be touched, given the content of the monologues that she has delivered. Earlier, when Samson offered to put the Bundrens up for the night, he felt Dewey Dells eyes fixed on him as though pistols, blazing at him. Dewey Dell, checked by propriety against doing, or even saying, to these men, looks right through the standards of decorum and into the deep heart of desire. The intensity of her gaze is not lost on any of those whom she bestows it upon, and she is by no means reserved in applying it. That Dewey Dell should be so wild-eyed is unsurprising in light of her outrageous thoughts. In addition to the fervor of her feeling for Lafe and Peabody, and the strength of her stares at Samson and Tull, she is driven to distraction by her family relationships as well. In a stream-of-consciousness sequence, she imagines being asleep in a bed next to Vardaman when suddenly she finds all of them back under me again and going on like a piece of cool silk dragging across my naked legs. Because Vardaman is pre-sexual, he doesnt participate, but apart from that, Dewey Dell finds herself unwillingly overwhelmed by abstract incestuous desire. Because of her sense of seductiveness, even where her family is concerned, Dewey Dell believes that she has a special pull over the Bundren males. In the wagon on the way to New Hope, she meditates on her power over Anse, sure that he will do a she says, that she can persuade him to do anything. However, she isnt as positive of Darls automatic compliance. This frustrates Dewey Dell to the point of hostility, even to the point where she imagines killing him. Darl stymied Dewey Dell because his gaze exceeds hers in degree, and is of a kind that she is powerless to comprehend. Whereas Dewey Dells gaze is sexually charged and therefore extremely focused, Darls is dispassionate and seemingly all-encompassing. Dewey Dell herself remarks that the land runs out of Darls eyes, suggesting that he has an overarching power to observe, process and explain the environment around him. This superhuman detachment and understanding is what makes Darl seem such a strange creature to other people, and generates much talk over his difference. Again, the eyes have it. As Tull arrives at the rivers edge to help the Bundrens with the crossing, he is paralyzed by Darl, who, as Tull says, looks at me with them queer eyes of hisn that makes folks talk. As Tull explains, it was never so much as what Darl said or did as the way in which he look at others. The intensity of that gaze makes it seem, Like somehow you was looking at yourself and your doings outen his eyes. Darls ability to transmit a sense of omniscience is largely due to the richness of his inner life, and especially, of his moral life. In remembering the incident where Jewel earned money by moonlight to buy a horse, Darl reveals the understanding of his gaze in several instances. He perceives Jewel wasting away, and knows that something is wrong; he perceives Addie by Jewels bedside, and knows that she is plagued by guilt for the deceit she has employed to cover his tracks; he perceives Cash the morning after Cash trailed Jewel on his mission, and knows that Cash has found out Jewels secret. Darls eyes are as strong as they are because of the careful scrutiny that they place on the eyes of others, in the above passages and throughout the remainder of the novel.

An Early History of Forensic Entomology, 1300-1900

An Early History of Forensic Entomology, 1300-1900 In recent decades, the use of entomology as a tool in forensic investigations has become fairly routine. The field of forensic entomology has a much longer history than you might suspect, dating all the way back to the 13th century. The First Crime Solved by Forensic Entomology The earliest known case of a crime being solved using insect evidence comes from medieval China. In 1247, the Chinese lawyer Sung Tsu wrote a textbook on criminal investigations called The Washing Away of Wrongs. In his book, Tsu recounts the story of a murder near a rice field. The victim had been slashed repeatedly, and investigators suspected the weapon used was a sickle, a common tool used in the rice harvest. How could the murderer be identified, when so many workers carried these tools? The local magistrate brought all the workers together  and told them to lay down their sickles. Though all the tools looked clean, one quickly attracted hordes of flies. The flies could sense the residue of blood and tissue invisible to the human eye. When confronted by this jury of flies, the murderer confessed to the crime. Dispelling the Myth of Spontaneous Generation of Maggots Just as people once thought the world was flat and the Sun revolved around the Earth, people used to think maggots would arise spontaneously out of rotting meat. Italian physician Francesco Redi finally proved the connection between flies and maggots in 1668. Redi compared two groups of meat: the first left exposed to insects, and the second group covered by a barrier of gauze. In the exposed meat, flies laid eggs, which quickly hatched into maggots. On the gauze-covered meat, no maggots appeared, but Redi observed fly eggs on the outer surface of the gauze. Establishing a Relationship Between Cadavers and Arthropods In the 1700 and 1800s, physicians in both France and Germany observed mass exhumations of corpses. The French doctors M. Orfila and C. Lesueur published two handbooks on exhumations, in which they noted the presence of insects on the exhumed cadavers. Some of these arthropods were identified to species in their 1831 publication. This work established a relationship between specific insects and decomposing bodies. Fifty years later, the German doctor Reinhard used a systematic approach to study this relationship. Reinhard exhumed bodies to collect and identify the insects present with the bodies. He specifically noted the presence of phorid flies, which he left to an entomology colleague to identify. Using the Succession of Insects to Determine a Postmortem Interval By the 1800s, scientists knew that certain insects would inhabit decomposing bodies. Interest now turned to the matter of succession. Physicians and legal investigators began questioning which insects would appear first on a cadaver, and what their life cycles could reveal about a crime. In 1855, French doctor Bergeret dArbois was the first to use insect succession to determine the postmortem interval of human remains. A couple remodeling their Paris home uncovered the mummified remains of a child behind the mantelpiece. Suspicion immediately fell on the couple, though they had only recently moved into the house. Bergeret, who autopsied the victim, noted evidence of insect populations on the corpse. Using methods similar to those employed by forensic entomologists today, he concluded that the body had been placed behind the wall years earlier, in 1849. Bergeret used what was known about insect life cycles and successive colonization of a corpse to arrive at this date. His report convinced police to charge the previous tenants of the home, who were subsequently convicted of the murder. French veterinarian Jean Pierre Megnin spent years studying and documenting the predictability of insect colonization in cadavers. In 1894, he published La Faune des Cadavres, the culmination of his medico-legal experience. In it, he outlined eight waves of insect succession that could be applied during investigations of suspicious deaths. Megnin also noted that buried corpses were not susceptible to this same series of colonization. Just two stages of colonization invaded these cadavers. Modern forensic entomology draws on the observations and studies of all these pioneers.

Reformation and Counter-Reformation and examples

Reformation and Counter-Reformation and examples Within the Church, decisive action had to be undertaken to meet the challenge of the Reformation and other difficulties that had arisen. The rise of Protestant power in northern Europe set off a defensive and totalitarian response in Catholic Italy. The Counter-Reformation put Italian culture on a war footing with the Catholic Church claiming, in effect, total control of Italians' minds and bodies. The Council of Trent, which met intermittently from 1545 to 1563, was called by the pope to deliberate these matters and to undertake reform of the Church from within. As a result of the Council's recommendations, humanistic thinking was replaced by violent reaction, with coercion and persuasion being used as twin prongs to ensure conformity to the teachings of the Church. Promises of liberal religious attitudes were broken by a return to strict Church doctrines. New access to literature and knowledge through the printing press and scientific discoveries was suppressed through the Inquisit ion; the Inquisition was a vast repressive machine that worked through informants and secret courts to meet ideological deviance with humiliation, prison, torture and burning alive.Matthias Church and Calvinist Church, Danube, Buda...God appeared not as the Loving Father but as a terrifying Judge, Christ not as the Good Shepherd but as the Great Avenger.Art was enlisted to serve the purposes of the church militant, but that art was rigorously policed according to a system of decorum in painting which dictated what was and what wasn't acceptable in art. It was all set out by Cardinal Paleotti in 1584 and reinforced by Carlo Borromeo, the young, energetic archbishop of Milan who spent time in Rome. Borromeo gave voice to the new Church doctrines in the manuals he wrote for architects and artists, as well as for students and teachers in the many seminaries he founded. Nudity and eroticism were out,

Electrical circuits Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Electrical circuits - Lab Report Example The report looks deeper into the literature review of electrical circuits and electronic components. The focus shifts to the analysis of electrical component analysis of their behavior and responses. Electronic components in electrical circuits include semiconductor devices diode, op amp and transistors. The electronic component features are explained in developed electrical networks. Performing signal processing in the semiconductor devices is meant to get information about input signal like RMS, peak value, the relative phase and the amplitude envelope. Nonlinear components are used in the feedback loop in examining the performance of diodes and op amp devices. Transistors have the capabilities of working with small-signal and large-signal characteristics exhibited by the bipolar junction transistor. Electrical circuit resonance behavior is imperative. The design research focuses on factors leading to vibration and resonant circuit components. Analysis of both parallel and series c ircuit have been reported vividly. Their performance in terms of the quality factor, bandwidth and power, are important factors determined. The transistors are used because they boost current components of the circuit. Black box is examined for various components to determine their values and responses to varying inputs of current and voltages. The report outline drifts into determining the values by elaborating on the procedures followed in the methodology. Results of the values of component rating have been documented and analyzed. The discussion and analysis section gives view about the results. RLC response characteristics in different connection conditions have been put out expounding on the effects of loading and use of active and passive devices in electrical circuits. They achieve application in designing of filters and communication equipment. Signal systems make use of electronic

Driving Around a Bend Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Driving Around a Bend - Assignment Example Higher is the speed and more is the angle of inclination. Many times, the turn is too sharp and/or the speed is too much to negotiate by the motorists and the vehicle skids causing fatal accidents. A car driver, unfortunately, cannot lean like a motorcyclist and therefore, he needs something else to help him negotiate a bend without skidding and that is banking on the road. In case of banking, there is an upward slope on the road from inner side towards the outer side of the circle. So the question is by what angle a motorcyclist should lean and also, what should be the angle of banking on the road near a bend to avoid skidding off a vehicle. These two are an essentially same problem and have been treated analytically in the subsequent section. Suddenly a bend comes on the road and he has to move along a circular arc. Moving along a circular arc requires centripetal acceleration and there must be a force to produce this acceleration. If the motorcycle goes on a horizontal circular path, this resultant force will also be horizontal. Let us consider a motorcycle of mass ‘m’ moving at a speed ‘v’ is negotiating a bend of radius ‘r’ and the road is horizontal. Therefore, the external forces acting on the vehicle are the following: As the road is horizontal, the normal reaction force ‘R’ is vertically upward. The only horizontal force that can act towards the center of the circular path is friction F. This is static friction and self-adjustable. The tires get a tendency to skid outward and the frictional force which opposes the skidding acts towards the center. Thus for the safe turn i.e. for the turn without skidding

Implementation, Strategic Controls and Contingency Plans Essay

Implementation, Strategic Controls and Contingency Plans - Essay Example As a result, the company’s management aim at enhancing the company’s portfolio assets making it dominant in the real estates and other investments made in United States of America and around the globe (Wolff Urban Development LLC n.d ). In addition, the management intends to formulate strategies by branding the company’s image resulting to positioning of the company in the global market. More than that, the Human Resources of Wolff Urban Development, LLC plays a decisive role in the development of investments decisions and managing the company’s human resource thus, it makes it easier for them to have knowledge on what the company wants. Given that, World Urban Development, LLC has been in business from 1968, it is crucial to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the processes that will make the company be vibrant in the global market. More significantly, it is essential to establish solutions based on the challenges that the company faces both internally and externally while undertake investments decisions whether by acquisition or construction. More considerably, Wolff Urban Development LLC sets plans that are intended to benefit the company in achieving the set goals. More significantly, it is imperative to establish on how the investment are being undertaken thus, it is important to develop the strategic controls and contingency plans that will be used in implementation of the company’s decision (Barney, 2007). Objectives 1. To ensure employees involvement in the successful implementation of the company plans. 2. To make sure that the company’s brand maintains a strong image and market position. 3. To oversee the expansion of the company’s investment within United States of America (USA) and around markets in the world. Wolff Urban Development, LLC, is guided by the strategic and contingency plans that are clearly set to meet the investment projects. The company’s management outlines their objectives t hat are focused on utilizing the investment opportunities in making it successful in the industry. Wolff Urban Development LLC, is involved in a clearly set devising strategy focused on achievement of its objectives and goals that are set before carrying out the plan. Functional Tactics Wolff Urban Development LLC, uses it reliable network established over the years of existence to achieve its investments decision. It remains essential for the company’s employee to internalize and be more conscious towards the organization’s investment decisions. More significantly, the company invests a large amount of funds in projects that require human resource personnel of the company to utilize the resource allocated in order to ensure that the company attains the highest possible return for the organization as the focus on achieving objectives that the management sets. In addition, Wolff Urban Development LLC, employees are putting the company in a competitive position by settin g investment projects that are beneficial to the company. In addition, the experience company’s employees have acquired over the period makes it easier for them to understand the needs of the company (Wolff Urban Development LLC, n.d). More significantly, the employees of the organization develop new policies by bring new ideas and opportunity that are benefici

The Study Of Female Deviance Criminology Essay

The Study Of Female Deviance Criminology Essay Living in a period which had totally ignored women and the study of female deviance (prior to 1960s), Professor Frances Heidensohn saw, as other criminologists, the immediate need for research and study on the deviant woman. As a pioneer of feminist perspectives in criminology, Heidensohns work provided the too much mans land of criminology and how women have been unfairly treated and neglected in previous studies. Heidensohn is considered to be a revolutionist in this field of criminology due to her pre-feminist work (Heidensohn 1968 and 1970) on the invisibleness and silence surrounding the female offender  [ii]  .Throughout her work and extensive research on a variety of different writers and criminologists, she stressed the lack of attention on gender dimensions and the tendency to over-sexualise women crimes. Clearly upset of this status quo, she pointed out also the necessity of taking into account autobiographical experiences of female offenders, who are the actual objects of this study. Frances Heidensohn; a professor in the Department of Sociology at London School of Economics, by her investigation on the study of gender in the context of crime, could be said to have set the foundations for next generations studies on feminist perspectives in criminology. Her biggest question mark was why the chapter of women and crime has been buried for such a long time and why there has been a failure to examine such an important issue. Most of her books and articles try to provide adequate aetiologies to all these question marks. Fortunately, things changed since the 1960s and feminism criminology was developed. As Heidensohn suggested in a metaphorical way, Like a wardrobe of new exciting clothes, a whole treasure generated in criminology. It offers us a great deal more to enrich our knowledge of women and crime. But there is much more on offer too.  [iii]  In other words, Professor Heidensohn held that even thought feminist criminology has been developed there are still many gaps and much more to be done. Thus, Heidensohn illuminated the path towards the understanding of female criminology. In the field of criminological study and most sociological research and writing, analyses of criminal women cannot be found before the 1960s. But even where they are considered, they are subject to marginalising and distorting treatment as Oakley noted in 1982  [iv]  or similarly as Klein suggested female criminality has often ended up as footnote to works on men that purport to be works on criminality in general  [v]  . This lack of interest was really surprising in Heidensohns eyes.  [vi]  As Frances Heidensohn noted in an important early article on deviance, virtually no serious scholarship has been undertaken to explain the dramatic difference between male and female lawbreaking.  [vii]  Hence, this status quo, which was much more due to male dominance, impelled her to start an extensive research on the subject to provide sufficient answers to all these questions raised. What was central to her work was the amnesia and neglect of women in previous studies in crimi nology and the fact that even where women were recognised, they were depicted in terms of stereotypes and based on their supposed biological and psychological nature  [viii]  . Her major argument which she highlights in all of her books, articles is the necessity of exploring gender in terms of understanding crime. Her discussion was concerned with personal experiences and autobiographies of women offenders in relation to the courts, the law and the police. She strongly stressed that at all levels women have been treated differently than men and in some cases harsher. Under the provisions of criminal law, women are theoretically equal to men. Conversely, she underlined that in many cases the laws on prostitution, for instance, prejudice against women and in general there is tendency to over-sexualise female crime. Frances Heidensohn objected this attitude towards female crime. Prostitution was seen only as sexual deviance and not as the rational choice for some women who need the financial support for themselves and their children (Heidensohn, 1968, p.168)  [ix]  . Klein also shared this opinion. Furthermore, criminal laws and lawyers tended to apply stereotype notions of what a proper woman is and does and dual assumptions such as virgin and whore were made when dealing with female offende rs. Yet, Heidensohn did not criticise that and she recognised that one cannot divorce the law and lawyer from the society in which they operate with its enormous cultural heritage and traditions  [x]  .Although she did argue about the too much mens world that existed, truly annoyed by the domination of men in administration as well as in the draft of legislation because of the implications that had on female offenders. Further, the courts even though women committed fewer and less serious crimes than men, were often harsher with women. According to Frances Heidensohn, there were several reasons that explained this stance by the courts. One of the strongest arguments that she made was that female criminals were considered to be doubly-deviant. Women criminals were very rare phenomena, a fact that biased the behaviour of the courts towards them. As Heidensohn had pointed out in one of her earliest presumptions, Women defendants therefore seem stranger and thus less comprehensible than men: they offend both against societys behavioural rules about property, drinking, or violence and also against the most fundamental norms which govern sex-role behaviour  [xi]  (Heidensohn, 1970, p.134). In other words, if they had been morally wrong, then they will be punished more; Courts and other agencies treat women as deviant twice over: they have broken criminal law and social expectations of proper female behaviour.  [xii]  In addition, the whole court procedure is something particularly bewildering, alien and unfair to female offenders.  [xiii]   While doing her research, Frances Heidensohn gave a great emphasis on the stereotype notions and the social standards that the society held for criminal women. In patriarchal societies, women were perceived as a source of disorder. Moral values and accepted social standards, especially in previous periods of time, rendered women subject to stricter rules. Moreover, the witch image as well as that of the whore seemed to be the key portrayals of the deviant women. The stereotype of witchcraft, which has always been linked to women, gave the idea of deviant women as especially evil, depraved and monstrous  [xiv]  . On the other hand, the tendency to sexualise the female offences portrayed them as whores. Professor Heidensohn argued that no such notions exist, equivalent to male deviants. On the contrary, male deviants either receive public approval-boys will be boys,- or are at least more positively portrayed  [xv]  . She continued her argument and she strongly criticized the ro le the media had overplayed in forming these ideas; male offenders in novels, films were presented as heroes, something that affected the public reaction and opinion. In reviewing traditional criminology and classical criminological writers, Heidensohn observed that female criminality was determined by their biology and psychology. Lombroso; the father of criminology, and Ferreros research, which focused on the meditation of the skulls, bones and appearance of female criminals, came to the conclusion that women deviants could be recognised by their physical appearance and they had very similar characteristics to male deviants. Women criminals like their masculine counterparts, had certain allegedly atavistic features, notably unfeminine features and built and dark masculine hair.  [xvi]  Additionally, they claimed that criminal women are abnormal. Following these lines, Professor Heidensohn found herself contrary to this presumption. She argued that his analysis of photographs of fallen women is as objective as adjudication in a beauty contest.  [xvii]  Furthermore, Lombroso and Ferreros theories did not provide us an adequate and precise understanding of female crime.What they did show us was the attempt to rationalise and justify the status quo, the existing position of women and the double standard of morals of their day.  [xviii]  Thus they did not draw away from the stereotype notions and the dual assumptions about women (good or bad, normal or abnormal). Deviant Womens experiences was a central method used by Frances Heidensohn and feminist writers towards the understanding of female delinquency; concentration on the researched and their experiences. Even though this methodology received much criticism (Ramazanoglu and Holland 2002)  [xix]  , Heidensohn and Gelsthorpe argued that close reading of feminist discussions ultimately reveal no fixed absolutes beyond the need for sensitivity in the research task, for personal reflexivity and commitment to make the research relevant to women.  [xx]  This methodology vested women the right to speak for themselves, their experiences, their feelings and thoughts. The technique of viewing the world through womens eyes was successful in making women visible in criminology and additionally created awomens world too. The concentration on womens experiences led to some crucial developments in female criminology and feminist contributions to criminology. Feminism standpoitism as Harding puts it (1987)  [xxi]  reflected the concept of viewing the world through womens eyes and encouraged both theoretical and personal reflexivity in relation to knowledge and the process of knowledge production through research.  [xxii]  However, the key aspect of focusing on the experiences of female criminals was that it rendered gender as the basis of understanding and interpreting crime and social conduct rather than simply as a statistical variable. As a synopsis of her study, Frances Heidensohn argued that what seems to be needed in the study of female deviance is a crash programme of research which telescopes decades of comparable studies of males.  [xxiii]  Also, she was consistent with what Mannheim recommended, who held that an objective and scientific approach should try to treat female crime as a topic in its own right.  [xxiv]  She therefore concluded in her book on Women and Crime that in order to gain understanding on women and crime other analyses such as family life, position and social control of women, male dominance should be taken into account. Arguably, she supported that this could not be achieved through feminist criminology or sociology of deviance.  [xxv]   Frances Heidensohns observations have not been subject to too much criticism as Lombrosos or other criminologists theories. However, some points that she did make were subject to debate and disapproval. Allison Morris was one of those who contravened with some of her presumptions. Her enantiosis was basically on the fact that the criminal justice system is a peculiarly alien an unfamiliar world  [xxvi]  only for women. Morrison focused on the belief that criminal law is sexist in the treatment of deviant girls and women and she went on to say that such factors as race, family circumstances and commitments, types of offence and previous record all clearly mediate the treatment of both female and male defendants and may be that some of those factors are as important as gender, if not more so.  [xxvii]  Indeed, Heidensohn relied on this assumption; that sex is the most crucial aspect and that it is not only women who are being deprived in the criminal justice system. However, wh at Morrison strongly argued was Heidensohns failure to identify other groups of people who could be treated unfairly under the criminal system or the court could be biased against them and to whom the whole process might be unfamiliar and alien. Such groups of people, as Morris suggests could be for young black and working -class men or minorities.  [xxviii]  Finally, she pointed out that it is wrong to present womens experiences in the criminal justice system as a unitary experience. We know that black women are over-represented in our prisons. We need to be able to account for this.  [xxix]  In my personal opinion Morrison made a full disclosure of the reality; that minorities or black people or people of different social standards, could also be treated unfairly in court or could be subject to discriminatory wrongs. She made a very strong argument which did take into account and tried to defend other social and powerless groups and not only women, something that Heidensoh n failed to do. Moreover, that could be the basis for other perceptions that Heidensohn provided. This is the one of economic rationality or that of stigma. Consequently it is not only women who can be motivated by the economic needs to commit a crime; people of a lower class can commit crimes as a result of poverty; or it is not only women who fear the idea of being stigmatised by their offences. Carlen Pat also argued at this part that this stance could cause race or class conflicts. Finally, in general Carlen suggested that no feminism theory could offer aetiologies to three major issues concerning female delinquency; that womens crimes are in the main, the crimes of the powerless; that women in prison are disproportionately from ethic minority groups; and that a majority of women in prison have been in poverty for the greater part of their lives.  [xxx]   Synoptically, Frances Heidensohns contribution to criminology was enormous in relation to female offenders. It could be said as having two sides of a coin. Her research in conjunction with that of other feminist criminologists illuminated the path towards the understanding of the female deviance. However, even though they shed some light on it there are still some dark aspects. As Frances Heidensohn pointed out, the study of female deviance has still a long way to go. The most crucial drawback that I can identify in her work was the lack of consideration of other factors that could play a valid role in the field of understanding crime such as race, class, nationality, age and other social characteristics rather than only focusing on gender dimensions and giving privileges only to women.

The Color Purple - Character Analysis of Celie :: Alice Walker

In the color purple, we can see how Celie develops an identity for herself throughout the novel. At first we can appreciate how Celie does not longer believe in herself and looses all trust she had on herself. When Nettie gets older, about 12 years old, their father Fonso tries to get to Nettie, but Celie protects her and lets Fonso rape her instead of him raping Nettie. This at the beginning shows that Celie has enough strength to take decisions that will affect other people, however, this strength starts to disappear as the story continues. Celie is at most 14 when Mr.____ marries her. She does no talk about "making love" but instead refers to sex as "he gets on top of me and does his business". That shows how little Celie believes on herself as she thinks that Mr.____ could do sex without her. Then the story changes direction and the discrimination against Celie starts to be present. When Mr.____ beats her she does not try to fight back, but instead she remains passive to what is happening. On the other hand, Celie continues to work as the perfecto maid of the children and keeps the house perfectly clean and tidy. This shows that indirectly she does not like being beaten (obviously) but she does not say anything because of the fear she feels for men, she instead reacts to it in a way which shows the big heart Celie has. When Shug comes to Mr.____Â ´s house Celie starts to feel something that she had never felt. She start to feel emotions for Shug. As the relationship between Celie and Shug develops, Shug shows Celie that life, freedom and having an identity should be the best present for a black woman which is condemned and trapped for ever after on the cruel and racist society of those times. To begin with, Celie obtains freedom as she escapes from Mr.____ with Shug, then, she realises that life can be much better when you do not depend on any one else, and so Celie does no longer depend on any one but on herself.

Consumer Preference of Brighton & Hove Teenagers on Organic Food Essay

There have been many studies investigating the influences on consumer purchasing and consumption of organic foods. It has a Journal of the Human Environment that argues that parts of researches have frequently taken the form of asking consumers directly about their reasons for purchase or nonpurchase of organic foods rather than seeking which types of beliefs and attitudes are actually related to purchase or consumption. (Shepherd, Magnusson, & Sjoden, 2005) In recent year, other researchers have examined what beliefs and attitudes predict consumption. (Shepherd, Government office for Science, 2011) In several studies, a majority of the customers have a preference for and an interest in organic food. However, â€Å"the proportion of regular purchasers of organic food is low†. (Shepherd, Magnusson, & Sjoden, 2005) So, this phenomenon showed a discrepancy between consumers’ attitudes and behavior, which is most of Consumers’ attitude are positively for organic foods, but not often to buy them. It seems the consumers not have a concerned the organic foods become an important purchase criterion. Since the 1920’s, the organic food has first appeared in Europe. (Baourakis, 2004) Until now, even the organic foods not take big market share, but in recent years, according to the British Food Standards Agency said ‘identifies the role that organic food plays in providing choice for customer. ’ (Food Standards Agency, 2011) Lampkin & Padel (1994, cited in Baourakis, 2004) researched that consumer demand for organic food increased rapidly, thus, the number of famers increased reasonably, this phenomenon is not only in Europe, but also is in the United States. Problem Statement The problem to be explored is the purchase behavior of teenagers toward organic food in Brighton & Hove. As mentioned before, the sales of organic food are increasing in UK. Nevertheless, Non-organic food still dominates in the food market. In addition, while there has some consumers who are already familiar and know with the organic food. It still has many consumers who are not yet know about them. Because of organic food produced without using any artificial chemicals, pesticides or fertilizers, which is better and fresher taste than other nonorganic foods. (Georgiou, 2002) There are different reasons why consumers tend to prefer to buy organic food. To discover the teenagers of Brighton & Hove behavior on organic food, these are some of the variables that will be taken into account when do the research, which can separate to extrinsic factors and internal factors. External factors are environment influence, like education level influence, cultural influence, and family influence. Internal factors are product attributes, which are benefits of organic food, like environmentally friendliness, good for animal welfare, taste good and personal health. These may influence consumer buying decision. Research aims and objectives This research aims to explore teenagers’ behavior of Brighton & Hove on organic food consumption in their daily life. This research will provide richer and deeper understanding of teenagers’ preference on organic foods and work to specific ages, thus the levels of education and collect the information about why they care about organic food. These research questions to be answered are: †¢Do the teenagers like to buy organic food in Brighton & Hove? †¢Do the teenagers choose organic food influenced by environment (i.e. education level, cultural influence or family influence) in Brighton & Hove? †¢What causes the teenagers care about organic food (i. e. the environment concern, animal welfare, personal health, taste) in Brighton & Hove? In this particular case, it becomes more interesting to be more the teenager maybe will be influence by place cultural. Because Brighton & Hove are famous resort which near the sea. Brighton and Hove is the UK’s healthiest city that reason is its residents’ lifestyles, such as cycling to work, do yoga practice, and eating green food according to a study for Sky Travel. (University of sussex, 2010) The intention explore is the future development of organic food in Brighton & Hove by asking questions and interview. This paper will propose use deductive way for research on specific consumer behavior on organic foods in Brighton & Hove. Anticipated contributions Organic food is green food, these benefits lead to the market share of food were influenced, so, this academic research discuss about purchase behavior of teenagers on organic food consumption in Brighton & Hove. Because teenager is our future, from their behavior, we can see the organic food development of Brighton & Hove in next 50 years. Until now, it has some research about customer behavior on organic food, however, since there is lack of data for specific group people, like teenager. In this case, Kardes, Cronley, & Cline argued that one of the contributions for study consumer behavior is that educate consumers and help them to make a better decision, also can understand make products for consumers actually needed and wanted. This becomes a marketing strategy, this research proposal discovers and satisfies customer needs and wants effectively and beneficial manner, while profiting the long-term interests for business. (Kardes, Cronley, & Cline, 2011) Also this research proposal will investigate customer behavior information by primary research and secondary information, analysis the consumer’s performance, which showed the market tendency and understand the rival. It can help companies can get the market share of organic food in the future. Brief Review of Literature Wright & Crea (2007) pointed that the UK organic food market rise approximately 10% annually with a value of 2 billion dollars, already become third largest in the world. According government statistics, the multiple supermarket retailers accounted for the major marketing share to the consumer with approximately 73 % of sales. The independent retailers and parts of farmers accounted for consumer 27 % of sales. The box schemes and internet order made up 8 percent. (dardni, 2010) Base on data, organic food is preferred by all age groups because of its health friendly benefits. These contained old people, adults and children. According to statistics, 70 % of the costumers are women, while 30 % are men. 57. 3 % of organic food consumers have job, while 23. 2 % do not have job. (Damin, 2011) Food standards Agency demonstrates that to eat â€Å"organic food is a way to decrease consumption of pesticide residues and additives. † (Food Standards Agency, 2011) Organic procurement reflects consumers are not only care about economic, but also concern with food production link to personal, social and environmental effect. (The Open University, 2006) Lockie argues that no artificial chemicals is one of the key point cause the sale growth of organic product around the world, which reflects people are more interested in personal health and family health, also care about the animal welfare, tradition, environmental protection, food traceability and sustainability. (Lockie, 2006) Food Standards Agency, â€Å"if they think they’re buying food with extra nutritional quality or extra safety. † (Food Standards Agency, 2011)) Stringer and Dennis argued that in UK recent research showed 21 percent of housewives ranked taste over other facts in what they ate in 1998s, while 14 percent of housewives because of health concern for their family and themselves in 1998s. (Stringer & Dennis, 2000) According to ACNielsen research, the consumption of organic baby food jumped about 16 percent over the year before in 2005, it nearly double increasing of total organic food consumption. (Working Mother, 2006) In 2008, the Ferrell and Pride searched the mother behavior and investigate the age range from 25 to 40, are more prefer to buy organic food or clothing for their children no matter what their income. (Pride & Ferrell, 2008) Mamatha & Sarada revealed that child rights attitudes and participation in activities were influenced by their mother. (Mamatha & Sarada, 2009) Brozina argued that culture can influence the consumers’ motives for organic food consumption. (Brozina, 2009) Samli argued that consumer behavior was influenced by social class, which related to not only economic well-being, but also other factors, such as education, family background and occupation. Secondly, it influenced by hierarchy of needs, which is more likely to be observed as different degrees of economic development, culture, and social psychology. Thirdly, it influenced by interpersonal influences from group member, like social consumption phenomenon and consumer want to buy luxury make a good impression on others. Fourthly, it depends on affective influences, like emotion. At last, cognitive will be influence the consumers choice, which is how much they know about that product. (Samli, 1995) While consumer express positive perspective on organic food, but it is not likely to expand beyond this niche market in the future, the major reason is premium prices, unless low-input can be made recognisable to consumers. . (Oppapers, 2011) Handlechner argued that organic producers are still only occupying a niche market now. Nevertheless, organic food may be having a larger potential in the future. (Handlechner, 2008) Hypotheses Hypothesis1. I expect that the teenagers in Brighton & Hove may be having positive perspective on organic food due to Brighton & Hove is a healthiest city. Hypothesis 2: I expect that the teenagers in Brighton & Hove might concern about environment issue, animal welfare, and personal health, so they choose the organic food. Hypothesis 3: It is also my prediction that teenagers in Brighton & Hove may not interested in organic food due to they do not possess economic income. Hypothesis 4: Maybe they like to buy the organic foods, but for teenager are too expensive that they do not possess enough money to pay for them. Methodology This research adopted the deductive way because the aim proved by separate several research questions that mentioned earlier before. This research design is exploratory due to this research proposal intends to explore the teenagers’ behaviour on organic food through survey in Brighton & Hove. This study will consider descriptive because this proposal focus on survey the characteristic of certain group, teenagers. Accordingly, some writers in a journal demonstrated that descriptive study is the researchers are interested to survey a group such as education level, income, age or gender in some situations. (Kumar, Deb, Sinha, & Sinha, 2001) The research is also adopt cross sectional because of this study will study in a particular phenomenon and particular time. It has time limited. (Scribd, 2011) Research method Primary research This research can either be qualitative or quantitative. Nevertheless, quantitative research may cover a larger number of populations, which will give generalized statistics results by questionnaire. This qualitative research intends to collect an in-depth understanding of teenagers’ behaviour and the reasons why they have that behaviour. This qualitative research is a non-numerical data collection by interview. Moreover, the qualitative and quantities research method inquires the how and why of decision making by teenagers, not only where, when, what. So, this easy chooses these methods on this particular case studied in order to seek empirical support for this research hypothesis. This research proposal will base on quantitative research due to it will give statistical evidence of data, which can be summarize teenagers behaviour specifically. Questionnaire is my first choice. Concerning the print cost, the questionnaires will be surveyed through email in the internet. The questionnaires will include an introduction that gives clearly explanation of purpose of this study. Furthermore, the questionnaires also will include clearly instructions that give a well-guided to the teenagers. Moreover, it will give clearly question which is easy to teenagers. More specifically, writing the letter to school headmaster get the permission in Brighton & Hove. This questionnaire will be taken in the Junior high school and high school in 11th July 2011. This study will be randomly survey 1000 students in junior high school, 500 boys and 500 girls respectively. Other parts are 1000 students in high school, 500 boys and 500 girls. This will be more easily and faster when make analysis the data based on different education level and gender. Also, it will adopt anonymity, in order to keep the private information for teenager. This research proposal also will accord to qualitative research due to it will be get more detail with deeper conversational interview. It will not have predetermined questions are asked, because it can remain more open and adaptable get useful information due to nature and priorities of interview. It can directly get the exactly information for this research. More specifically, the interview will be taking at the school supermarket in Brighton & Hove in 19th July 2011. More closely interview the staffs in supermarket in order to understand teenagers’ behaviour by real consumption. Moreover, the interview will be doing at teenagers’ home in 30th July 2011 and in order to have chance to understand their behaviour by face to face talking. It wills choice 10 families in high school, 10 families in junior high school. It could be though this interview can prove whether the teenager preference on organic foods influenced by their family background and mother. Secondary research â€Å"The value of using the secondary data for market research has been substantial throughout history, continues today, and promises to grow in the future. † (Patzer, 1995) Secondary research contains the collation, brief and synthesis of existing research that data is already done by government, company, organization or personal. When this research proposal chooses the secondary data source, it would be have a critical thinking and concern the academic source. Government research data is the good choice for this research. Moreover, Base on the books and journals, summarize others studies and result. It will filter information and get the clearly results. Another research approach would be reputation organization and news website. What is more, May be I can get record data form staff in school supermarket, for instance, it could be get the sales of every year or month in the school. Using the other cities’ secondary data compare with the primary data in Brighton & Hove in order to know whether the Brighton & Hove culture will influence the teenager behaviour on organic foods. Data Analysis â€Å"Thematic analysis focuses on identifiable themes and patterns of living or behaviour. † (Aronson, 1994) So in this case, the thematic analysis will be used to gather data and analyze them in interview. Moreover, another analysis is the content analysis, which will use in the interview, too. The questionnaire will be collect data by software for statistics, like Excel. Do the diagrams would be use the software, like word. Time chart JuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovember Research for Literature review Formulate research strategy, design and select methods Questionnaire Interviews Field Work/ Data collection Data Analysis Write up Conclusion. This research expects to explore the teenagers’ preference on organic food in Brighton & Hove, which can get exactly information to answer the research question. I hope the teenagers will more concern their health and environment and animal in order to develop a sustainable society. The organic food company may take this kind research forward, which will bring long-term benefit if they grasp customer behavior and attitude. Maybe they will not only survey the teenager, but also research the householder behavior and psychology due to they have economic power. Bibliography Aronson, J. (1994). Nova. Retrieved 6 8, 2011, from A Pragmatic View of Thematic Analysis: http://www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/BackIssues/QR2-1/aronson. html Baourakis, G. (2004). Marketing trends for organic food in 21st century. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Brozina, S. (2009). EuroMed Journal of Business. Cultural influences on motives for organic food consumption , p. 185. Damin. (2011). dissertation. Retrieved 6 5, 2011, from Consumer behavior and organic food dessertation: http://www. dissertation-helper. co. uk/consumer-behavior-organic-food-dissertation/ dardni. (2010). Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved 6 5, 2011, from The market for organic products: http://www. dardni. gov. uk/ruralni/index/bussys/organic_production/organic_business_management/marketing. htm Food Standards Agency. (2011). Safe food,better business. Retrieved 5 28, 2011, from Organic food: http://www. food. gov. uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/organicfood/ GeorgiouDunnElisha. (2002). Everything you need to know about organic foods. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Handlechner, M. (2008). Grin. Retrieved 6 7, 2011, from Organic Food: http://www. grin. com/ Kardes, R. F. , Cronley, L. M. , & Cline, W. T. (2011). Consumer Behavior. Cengage Learning. Inc. Kumar, R. , Deb, K. J. , Sinha, B. N. , & Sinha, V. K. (2001). Lithium Toxicity. A descriptive study , pp. 52-57. Lockie, S. (2006). Going Oorganic: mobilizing networks for environmentally responsible food production. London. Mamatha, T. , & Sarada, D. (2009). Child rights: ICDS programme. Discovery Publishing House PVT. LTD. Oppapers. (2011). Oppapers. Retrieved 6 6, 2011, from Consumer Attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic food: http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Consumer-Attitudes-And-Purchase-Intentions-In/307542 PatzerL. Gordon. (1995). Using secondary data in marketing research: United States and worldwide. An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc. Pride, W. M. , & Ferrell, O. C. (2008). Marketing. Yaga Mamas: Today’s Choosy Mothers , p. 134. Samli, A. C. (1995). International consumer behavior: its impact on marketing strategy development. An imprint pf Greenwood Publishing Groups,Inc. Scribd. (2011). Scribd. Retrieved 6 7, 2011, from Research Proposal on â€Å"TheConsumer Behavior On MP3Players†: http://www. scribd. com/doc/54718736/Research-Proposal-on-the-Consumer-Behaviour-of-MP3-s Shepherd, R. (2011). Government office for Science. Retrieved 6 8, 2011, from Societal attitudes to different food production models: http://www. bis. gov. uk/Foresight Shepherd, R. , Magnusson, M. , & Sjoden, P. -O. (2005). AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. Determinants of Consumer Behavior Related to Organic Foods , pp. 352-359. Sheth, N. J. (1985). Historical Perspective in Consumer Research: National and International Perspectives. HISTORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: A MARKETING PERSPECTIVE , pp. 5-7. StringerMichael, & DennisC. (2000). Chilled foods: a comprehensive guide. Woodhead Publishing Limited. The Open University. (2006). Language of Food Politics. Retrieved 5 29, 2011, from Research Report: The Discourse of Organic Food Promotion: language, intentions: http://creet. open. ac. uk/projects/language-of-food-politics/documents/4_organic_food_report. pdf University of sussex. (2010). Sussexsport. Retrieved 6 3, 2011, from Healthy Articles: http://www. sussex. ac. uk/sport/1-4-9. html Working Mother. (2006). Is Organic Food Worth it? Working Mother , 88. Wright, S. , & Crea, M. D. (2007). The International Market for Organic and Fair Trade Food and Drink. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Death By Choice essays

Death By Choice essays McGuires' references to prior cases and documents is done logically and clinically. After careful reading, and re-reading, I failed to understand his position How can he perceive that by terminating a human life, this is acceptable moral behavior? Moral implies conformity to established codes or accepted notions of right and wrong. In other words, the basic moral values of society. Since when did society begin to accept that termination of life due to a dysfunction or deformity When did society decide that it is their "moral" obligation to determine when the "quality of death" supersedes the "quality of life"? Who are they to decide what the quality of life should be for that individual? Morality is a standard of right behavior, sanctioned by ones conscience and ethical judgment. How can any one person in society, using ethical judgment, decide when the life of a child is no longer of importance? McLaughlin refers to the killing ( word he used in his essay ), of person who no longer has the capacity to exist within the quality of life standards. Who set those standards? Society? When society decides who is fit to live and who is not, this is manifesting themselves as "God". This is morally unacceptable to me. We were not put upon this Earth to act as God. We were placed here to do his work, but that does not give us the free will to decide who lives and who dies. That is not our decision to make. I , for one, do not want to have to supply an answer as to why I felt that a disabled or dysfunctional person was not deemed acceptable to society. My question still remains as to who takes the responsibility of determining who deserves to live and die, based on "quality of life" W ...

Nike Marketing Strategy A Guide to Selling Benefits and Not Products

Nike Marketing Strategy A Guide to Selling Benefits and Not Products We all think we know the classic Nike marketing strategy. Just do it comes to mind pretty quickly, as do Air Jordan sneakers, famous athlete endorsements, and the swoosh logo. But is that really all there is to what Nike is doing? Or, is there something deeper behind their strategy and tactics? The Nike marketing strategy that most of us recognize isnt the one that made them famous, at least not in the early days. Discovering the Nike marketing strategy that put them on the map is where the gold is. Furthermore, just like any true content marketing strategy, it  isnt really much of a strategy at all. Like many similar success stories, it was as simple as providing real customer value.How To Follow Nike's Marketing Strategy Secrets For Success via @garrett_moonThe First Nike Marketing Strategy Bill Bowerman was a track and field coach, as well as one of the co-founders of Nike. In the mid-1970's, he began experimenting with his wife's waffle maker to design a better tread for running shoes. As the story goes, he ruined the waffle maker but invented a brand new type of shoe. Get Organized And Save Time With This Free Course! Work efficiently, stay organized, publish compelling content, and schedule everything for maximum growth. Sign up now for this comprehensive marketing course. At the end of the course, you'll have a well-thought-out marketing strategy of your own. Time's limited! Get Started Now For Free He later used that design to create the first Nike shoe commonly referred to as the "Nike Moon shoe." It was the first step of many that put Nike on the map, but there is more to the story than just a great tread- wear design and a waffle maker. There's also the story of Nike's incredible, if not accidental and seemingly counterintuitive, approach to promoting their product. Bowerman, you see, is also credited as the man who brought about the jogging craze that swept America in the late 1960's and 70's. While you would think that jogging wasn’t something that needed to be invented, it wasn’t all that popular as an exercise or activity at that time. Bill’s work and research truly brought jogging out of obscurity and to the forefront of the minds of the public. After observing a jogging club in New Zealand, Bill began to understand the value of jogging as a traditional fitness routine. Bill immediately began writing articles and books about jogging and how it could be used as part of a fitness program. His first three-page pamphlet was called the Jogger’s Manual and was later expanded into a 90-page book (see below) that he wrote along with an experienced cardiologist. Jogging, the accidental content marketing showpiece by Nike founder Bill Bowerman. Along with Bill's other involvements with professional athletes, his work helped inspire the 1970's running boom that Nike clearly benefitted from. Was this the result  of a strong  marketing strategy? Or was it just a coincidence? The answer is probably a mix of   both. It would be really great to point to Bowerman's story as a case-in-point example of content marketing at its finest, but it is difficult to do. The book was technically released before the first pair of shoes, and even before he invented the waffle tread. So, if it wasn't true content marketing, what was it and  how did it even work? 1. Put Customer Interests First Customers like great products  and they like serious benefits. For them, things that benefit them personally are easy to justify. The Nike Moon shoes did this, but only because the customer was beginning to understand jogging and its benefits for their health. Bill's secret goal wasn't to sell shoes, he was simply promoting something that he believed in. This may not sound like marketing strategy, but it certainly should. 2. Base Your Strategy On A Felt Need Initially for Nike's audience, the felt need wasn't for better running shoes, but for a better way to get in shape. Certainly, running was already popular among kids and athletes in the 1970's, but it wasn't the widespread social activity that we see it as today. The growing white-collar workforce helped pave the way for social activities that included the promotion of cardiovascular health. Once the trend was ingrained, the need shifted and the "jogging shoes" themselves became the felt need. Want to increase product demand? Identify your audience's felt needs first. #marketing3. Believe In the Product You Are Selling It's unlikely that Bowerman's original goal was to become a millionaire as he penned the pages of his first jogging pamphlet. That wasn't why he did what he did. His only goal was to promote a sport and an idea that he believed in. As marketers, shouldn't we believe in the product and the ideas we are selling? For Bowerman, it sure made marketing a lot easier. He was "marketing" without even realizing what he was up to. 4. Sell Easily Identifiable Benefits Instead Of The Product While jogging is pretty easy to understand, the waffle tread isn't (at least not until you understand why Bowerman made it in the first place). His goal was to make the world's most light–weight running shoe. He believed that this factor alone could dramatically improve the speed of a distance runner. His product worked  and quickly gained the industry respect that it deserved. How Nike’s Marketing Strategy Evolved As the marketing landscape has changed since the 70s, so has the Nike marketing strategy. In fact, it’s remarkable how well the brand has adapted its approach to new trends and technologies without losing the core of their identity or brand voice. It’s key to understand that while their general aesthetic and tactics have changed with the times, their customer–centric messaging has remained consistent. 1. Embrace New Technologies While Nike's early marketing strategy centered on print publications, they later went on to dominate other mediums, like television in the 80s and 90s, through modern social media platforms today. 2. Adapt  To The Needs Of Your Audience Nike hasn’t historically adopted new communication platforms for their marketing just because they’re chasing new, flashy objects. Far from it. Rather, they’ve been quick to conquer new mediums because they’re where their customers are. For example, take a look at their Instagram profile. They know their core demographic includes heavy Instagram users and so it makes sense for their brand to maintain a presence there. However, they also make sure that everything they post provides value. Rather than interrupting the flow of their follower’s feeds with flagrant sales pitches, they share motivational messaging. View this post on Instagram 04:40:08. â  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬ â  â‚¬ 280 minutes. Thats the amount of time it took @nani183 to not only prove that she was a runner, but to prove that she was a marathon runner. â  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬ â  â‚¬ Hours after the winner had crossed the finish line, the first timer found victory in defeat. It didnt matter how daunting the distance was. She didnt care if she finished 4th or 4,000th forward. She just wanted to finish. â  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬ â  â‚¬ Hanin told us, To be successful, you mustnt give up. Only giving up is failure. #NRC A post shared by nike (@nike) on Oct 6, 2015 at 11:01am PDT Other posts, like this one, subtly tie into the brand’s history while directing users to interest–specific Nike sub-accounts on Instagram. In this case, they could have simply said something to the effect of, â€Å"Check out our women’s footwear and apparel profile, and our general  running product profile." Instead, they went the extra mile and created something memorable and entertaining while staying relevant to what their audience wants to see. View this post on Instagram How to run your Fastest Mile: Step 1: Wake up hungry. Step 2: @nikewomen Step 3: @nikerunning Stay up to speed at nike.com/findyourfast. A post shared by nike (@nike) on Aug 30, 2015 at 2:07am PDT 3. Stay True To Your Sense Of Purpose They say the more things change, the more they stay the same. For Nike, that has certainly remained true. Throughout their current content marketing initiatives, Nike makes sure their brand message hasn’t gotten lost over time or across channels. They focus their emphasis on creating content that promotes the benefits of their products, rather than the features. Helping their customers be better at what they love to do is still the focus of their branding and message. By moving their content marketing to the platforms where their customers are it shows that they are keeping their audience’s needs in mind while staying true to themselves. Nike's marketing strategy has succeeded in sustaining a global brand while many of their competitors have come and gone from the spotlight. Go where your audience is. Help solve their problems. Stay true to your brand. #contentmarketingHow To Apply The Nike Marketing Strategy To Your Own Brand The history of Nike’s marketing strategy is interesting in itself. What you probably want to know at this point is how to apply these lessons to your own work. 1. Figure Out The Needs Of Your Audience Your audience is on the Internet because they’re looking for answers to questions. One way to position your brand or blog as an authority on your topic or market is to create compelling content that addresses those concerns. Doing this well means understanding exactly what your audience’s goals are and what they want to know, and then being there to answer and give solutions when they need them. Do this well enough, and you might even turn readers into passionate brand advocates. In Nike’s case, people were looking for new ways to stay in shape. As jogging became more popular, people needed jogging shoes. Nike then smartly positioned themselves not just as a company that made shoes, but a company that helped their customers achieve their fitness goals (and just happened to make shoes that supported that goal). If you’re unsure what your audience is really looking for, try putting yourself in their shoes for a moment (no pun intended) and think beyond the scope of your product or service. Instead of thinking about your product’s features or competitive advantages, think about what goal your customer is trying to achieve. Then, be there with the information, products, and services they need to make it happen. What goal is your customer trying to achieve? Now make content, gather information, and create products that will help your customers achieve their goals. This means you need to do your research first: Recommended Reading: How To Do Content Marketing Research For A Blog Post 6 Simple Tips For Using Online Research In Your Content Marketing 2. Figure Out The Best Way To Reach Your Audience In terms of your blog and overall digital marketing efforts, this means that you need to figure out where your audience hangs out on the Web and how you can best reach them there. Which social networks are they most active on? Should you pay to promote your content on those networks? Does an email newsletter make sense for your customers? Could print collateral be something they’re interested in? These are big questions to answer, but the key point to remember is that its important to go where your audience is. Before considering any content distribution tactic, think about your customer’s habits, what types of content they prefer, and where they prefer to find it. Make sure you're thorough in your approach  when it comes to doing everything you can to spread your content. After all, if you're  going to try to market like Nike, then you can't afford to settle for the status quo. Recommended Reading: The 6 Types Of Social Media Content That Will Give You The Greatest Value What 10 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media How To Make Writing For Social Media Work For Your Business 3. Create Compelling Content That Addresses Audience Needs Whether it’s on your blog, social media channels, video platforms, or print collateral, every piece of content you create should address customer needs. Not only that, but you need to be creating the best content on your topic anywhere on the Web. If you’re not answering questions, solving problems, being entertaining, or otherwise helping your audience be better at doing what they love, then it’s time to rethink your approach. If you’re unsure of what your customer’s real needs are, consider everything from simple keyword research to surveys to get a better idea of what kind of content you can create that they’ll find valuable. You'll also want to consider what content creation budget and resources you have available. Key Takeaways About Nike’s Marketing Strategy To Grow Your Brand If this all seems like a lot of information to take in, that's because it is.  If there's just one thing you remember from this post, however, it's the idea of creating content that spreads, instead of content that just sells. The Benefits Of Not Selling Here's the cool thing: Bill didn't sell shoes; he didn't need to. Instead, he sold jogging and all of the benefits that came with it. This should make us pause as marketers. Instead of selling our products we should be selling the benefits that products like ours promote. Running shoes matter to people who jog, so selling them on jogging is always a good first step. The same goes for us here at . We are a content marketing and planning tool. The more people that use content to market their business, the more copies of our software we sell. We also gain the added benefit of understanding why our customers buy what we are selling in the first place. Even in the world of content marketing, there is a lot of selling. This is fine, but it misses the real point that Bowerman so aptly understood–spread ideas, not products. Spread ideas, not products. #contentmarketing #bloggingGood Content Marketing Doesn't Sell, It Spreads Content marketing is growing, and that usually brings fuzzy definitions that blur the lines between what something actually is and what it is becoming. It's often pegged as a process rather than a technique, but content marketing doesn't depend on a specific set of tools or a common workflow. It is about providing value and building trust with customers. Bowerman's book built trust and provided immense value–a trait that naturally carried over to his products. He didn't intend for the book to be used as content marketing, but because, with content, the lines between value and marketing are so blurry, marketing is exactly what he did. Strategy is great. Using keywords is smart. Blogging is the future. But providing customers value, no matter the medium, will never go out of style.